California Community Colleges and the Professionalization - 2200 Words

The Role of California Community Colleges and the Professionalization of the Field of Early Childhood Care and Education (Essay Sample) Content: Research MethodologyNameInstitution of AffiliationIntroductionChildhood development is the fundamental foundation for early care and education that encompasses aspects of social consciousness, relationships, health, safety, and responsibility. Early care and teaching intervention remarkably contribute to cognitive development along with language and socio-emotional development and well-being in young children. High quality early childhood care and education is not only beneficial to individual children but also to the society as a whole regarding far-reaching socio-economic benefits (Evans, Meyers Ilfeld, 2000).The impact of quality early childhood care and education is complemented by the concerted efforts of dedicated early childhood educators with the support of a coherent community colleges involvement system. Effective early childhood care and teaching development is the cornerstone of healthy families and healthy futures for communities. Evidence supporting thi s claim points to decades of early childhood care and education development research that have revealed early childhood years as the most critical period of human growth and development. The past studies further show that the early childhood years of development as to having a direct and most powerful impact not only on a children's healthy, holistic development but also on their futures (Burger, 2013).The definition of the field of early childhood care and education refers to a combination of fundamental elements that include child development research and child behavior observation and assessment. The role of professionalism and California Community Colleges in the field of early childhood care and education has recently received considerable attention. Challenges in the field of early childhood care and teaching in California has been its credibility and professional competencies levels. Consequently, it has become imperative in the early childhood care and education stakeholder s in California to initiate efforts towards attaining greater professionalism and partnerships with the California community (Clark Waller, 2007).The reality and complexity of contemporary family life in California are the work-family conflict and spillover. The diverse needs of its children and the contemporary California cultural and community diversity in which the families live further complicate the reality of contemporary family life. The difficulties of work-family conflict and spillover have had a destructive generational impact as people have disconnected from early childhood care and education. The emergence of the role of community colleges and professionalization in the California early childhood care and education to fill the gap created by work-family conflict and spillover. This involvement of community colleges and professionalization of the early childhood care and teaching field tackles the acute shortage in California of trained and qualified early childhood deve lopment specialists (Evans, Meyers Ilfeld, 2000).Comprehending the population constructs of the role of the California community involvement and professionalization of early childhood care and education is fundamental to understanding the evolution of the field. The parental constructs of children attendees of early childhood classes present in the contemporary California society continue to shape the field of early childhood care and education. Changes in the professional work and labor patterns, family constructs, and the dynamic populations within California have altered the society's way of children upbringing. The role of early childhood education and care is a fundamental construct of the Californian society and as such, the examination of the role of community colleges involvement and professionalization reveals its outcome (Nutbrown, 2006).There are universal aspects of the role of professionalism and communities in early childhood care and education that differentiate it a s a field from other areas. These distinguishing aspects of the California field of early childhood care and education pose a challenge for community involvement and professionalization of the field. Inadequate research on the perceptions of professionalization and community engagement in the California field of early childhood care and education has adversely affected the planning and implementation of the fields growth and development programs. The research gained a better understanding of the role of professionalism and California Community Colleges in the area of early childhood care and education .The study employed several aspects of data collection as it explored the aspects and outcomes of community involvement and professionalism in the field of early childhood care and education in California (Ravens Aggio, 2008).Research DesignExploratory ResearchThis study evolved from the observation of the varying degrees of training, education, experience, and ethics in Californias f ield of early childhood care and teaching. A clear research design increases the higher chances of collecting necessary and relevant information while minimizing time wastage and effort. Different types of objectives lead to various kinds of research designs to acquire information. The study employed in its conduct an exploratory inquiry approach shaped research along with analytical methods. The reason for the adoption of the exploratory research design was the level of uncertainty surrounding the survey situation that motivated the conduct of the research hence was the most appropriate type of research design. The exploratory research design applied a qualitative research method for the collection of data and identification of possibly valuable insights to the study (Ravens Aggio, 2008).The exploratory research design was crucial to the achievement of the research objective. The research primarily aimed at collecting data for examination of the role of professionalism and Califor nia Community Colleges in the field of early childhood care and education. The primary exploratory research instruments designed for the study included focus groups, structured interviews, and questionnaires (Evans, Meyers Ilfeld, 2000). The main exploratory research tools were structured interviews and questionnaires that targeted staff representatives, policy makers, coordinators, program developers and current students of early childhood care and education in California. Focus groups consisting of the studys target audience were a useful way for the research to obtain more background information on the study particular subject. The additional background information gathered by the focus groups approach formed the basis for the formulation of specific research questions for the further conduct of the quantitative research aspect of the study (The early childhood care and education workforce, n.d.).AdvantagesUsing the exploratory research design in nature discovery-oriented was p roductive as obtaining of critical information for the study was through the combination of different approaches. The exploratory inquiry research plan affirmed the outcome of the role of community involvement and professionalization in Californias field of early childhood care and education, training, and development. The exploratory research design provided the study with an opportunity to clarify the inexplicable research questions during the conduct of the survey. Additionally, the exploratory research design guaranteed the credibility and reliability of the outcome of the conducted study (Evans, Meyers Ilfeld, 2000).LimitationsExploratory research design despite being discovery-oriented in nature proved to be highly ambiguous, and speculative nature hence was counter -productive .Its counter-productiveness required further research that was time-consuming and wasteful of the limited resources. The exploratory research design as a method of qualitative data collection was very time consuming during the conduct of the survey. Additionally, the exploratory research design had a limited survey structure that occasionally required pretesting to guarantee the credibility and reliability of the outcome of the investigation conducted.Population of StudyThe study looked at ways to analyze the self- perceptions and professionalism of early childhood care and education facilitators and parents in California. The study used the basic tenets of cognitive dissonance theory to categorize the responses of the participating early childhood teachers. The participation of early childhood educators served the purpose of facilitated professionalism evaluation at the local level. Additionally, the research sought to examine the role of advance and pilot programs in the field of early childhood care and education by officials from the Ministry of Education in the State of California. Conduct of assessment of the advance and pilot programs meant to provide adequate support to t he role of Californias community colleges and the professionalization of the field of early childhood care and education.MethodologyResearch ApproachThe exploratory research approach used was tailor made to meet its nature and needs. The exploratory nature of this research demanded the utilization of the deductive research approach. Using the deductive research approach that refers to the 'top-down'' approach meant that the conduct of the study was on a more general level to a more specific one. The deductive approach utilization in the research entailed conceptualization, hypothesis, observation, and confirmation. The exploratory research sought to specify theories and concepts that explained the role of community colleges involvement and professionalization patterns of Californias early childhood care and education (Nutbrown, 2006).Research Method

Daniels HI135 Unit6 Assignment Essay - 1072 Words

Privacy in Health Care Machelle’ Daniels Kaplan University Scenario 1 Jim Philips is the attorney for Karen Munstrom. Karen is filing suit against Howard Doe in a domestic dispute. Jim Philips sends Memorial Hospital an original authorization that is signed and dated by Karen Munstrom. The authorization, addressed to your hospital, includes the dates of the records requested. The authorization does not state the type or subject of the information to be disclosed. The records of Ms. Munstrom are related to a stay for alcohol rehabilitation. Would you release the record in question? Yes. Mr. Phillips, this is Ms. Daniels from Memorial Hospital. I am calling to confirm that the request for the medical records for Ms. Munstrom has†¦show more content†¦He explains that Mr. Hart has not been attending services for the past several months; he’s heard that Mr. Hart underwent some type of surgery and would like to know what it was, and he would like to go visit him, but Mr. Hart moved recently and he does not know his new address. Would you release the information in question? No Rev. Smith, I understand your concern for Mr. Hart and your desire to visit with him. Unfortunately it is against the law for me to release Mr. Hart’s personal information. Also, HIPPA as well as our state statutes mandate that I protect Mr. Hart’s medical privacy; therefore I am unable to confirm whether Mr. Hart is a patient or provide any update. I would suggest that maybe you could contact someone else in the congregation that may be able to provide you with his current contact information. Scenario 4 Deputy Sheriff Parker arrives in your office requesting to see the records of Sally Jones. Sally was involved in an altercation at a local establishment last night. Deputy Parker does not have an authorization, search warrant, or subpoena. Would you release the information in question? No. Why, or why not, and how would you proceed? It would be unlawful to release Ms. Jones medical information without the proper documentation to authorize the release. I would explain to Deputy Parker that he would need to obtain a signed authorization from Ms. Jones or obtain a subpoena that specifies what

The Implications Of Genetically Modified Foods - 1422 Words

â€Å"Our technological powers increase, but the side effects and potential hazards also escalate.† Alvin Toffler. In the 1980s, a new science field was developed called Genetic Modification (GM) or Genetic Engineering for uncountable purposes. One of the applications was to create food crops that are altered in a way to be beneficial to the producer or the consumer. Genetically modified foods could be defined as foods derived from organisms which their genetic material has been altered in a way that does not naturally occur, through the insertion of a gene form a different organism. Genetic modification techniques permits the introduction of new traits and provides better control over the desired traits than the previously used methods like selective breeding. The first commercial sale product of GM food was in 1994, while the biggest marks for GM crops are soybeans, maize and oilseed rape. Nowadays, the determined value of the foods managed in the United States which holds at least one genetically modified ingredient is 70%. The release of genetically modified foods in markets has triggered a debate around the world, where proponents believe that it holds many promising benefits, while opponents are worried about its negative impacts on the environment and the health of human beings. One of the main arguments made by the supporters is the prominent advantages in the crops of genetically modified food. Crops are modified to increase the level of protection against plantShow MoreRelatedThe Biological Bases Of Genetically Modified Crops911 Words   |  4 Pagescrops needed for those around us, sometimes the need to have a mass production is necessary. The question is, is it really necessary? In this body of work, the following will be discussed: The biological bases of genetically modified crop plants, the social and ethical implications surrounding these crops and lastly, the personal viewpoint of the topic at hand. Keywords: crops, plants, genetics, DNA, modification Biological Basis In order to talk about genetic modification, we first haveRead MorePersuasive Speech: Why We Should Abandon Genetically Modified Food1580 Words   |  7 PagesPersuasive Speech: Genetically Modified Food We all enjoy a cold glass of milk with homemade cookies, a refreshing pop on a hot summer day, and a juicy cob of corn in the summer months. But, do we ever wonder what is really in our food? Because genetically modified foods do not have to be labeled, you will likely never know if the food you are consuming is genetically modified. As a fellow member of the Organic Consumers Association, I am eager to inform you of why genetically modified food is an issueRead MoreThe Problem Of Genetically Modified Foods1604 Words   |  7 PagesConsumers do not need to go far to find Genetically Modified (GM) foods at the grocery store considering â€Å"90% of the corn and soybeans planted in the United States† (Landrigan, 2015, p.1) are genetically modified, helping to increase farmer’s crop yields. The GM corn alone is used extensively in many other forms such as processed foods, sodas, bread and more. Even though GM foods have been around since the early 90’s, the debate surrounding the plausible health and environmental impacts have onlyRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods Essay852 Words   |  4 PagesGenetically modified foods have always been a controversial topic and issue. Moat things do in our day to day lives have benefits and risks. Gene Technology and genetically modified foods are no exception. Throughout this article the pros and cons of genetically modified foods will be looked and an explanation as to why it is one of the best DNA technologies of the 21st century. This judgment follows these criteria that genetically modified food can produce resistant crops to pests and diseasesRead MoreGenetically Modified Crop Plants1593 Words   |  7 PagesGene Therapy: Genetically Modified Crop Plants Coward Introduction to Biology - SCI 115 Professor Johnson March 4, 2014 Genetically modified organisms have become a standard rather than an exception in America. Since their introduction in the 1990’s, genetically modified (GM) products have conquered agriculture in the United States and hold a large share of the food on American’s plates. (Dupont) Everyone has been exposed to it whether they knowRead MoreThe Genetic Modification Of Gene Technology1308 Words   |  6 Pagesare raised until maturity, the new seeds produced are collected, and backcross breeding here the modified plants is mated with elite breeds using the traditional breeding to fuse their traits. Social and ethical implication of genetically modified crops Since the introduction of the gene technology on crops, there has been growing debates and controversy concerning the safety of the food and implication on the environment (Tzotzos, et al 2009). The supporters of the technology claim the process isRead MoreThe Kitchen : A Scientist s View Of Genetically Modified Foods1063 Words   |  5 PagesNancy Marie Brown’s Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods is a rich narrative describing the history, technology, and science of genetically modified foods and their implications for society today. Along the way, Fedoroff and co-author Brown use illustrative examples to dispel myths and misunderstandings about genetically modified foods. Even those initially unfamiliar with genetically modified foods will leave with a broad yet solid grasp of these complex biologicalRead MoreAdvancements In Biotechnology Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pagesreport discusses the merits and demerits of extensive applica tions of biotechnology, specially the impacts of genetically modified/engineered crops which brought up in market 1990s. According to Wikipedia, the definition and process of genetically modified crops is summarised as â€Å"Genetically modified (GM) foods are foods derived from genetically modified organisms. Genetically modified organisms have had specific changes introduced into their DNA by genetic engineering, using a process of eitherRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms The Root Of All Evil1180 Words   |  5 Pages Are genetically modified organisms the root of all evil in the nutrition of our society? Essentially, not at all, GMOS are modified to enhance the original organism by manipulating the genetic code to produce a different outcome. Genetically modified organisms were developed all the way back to the prehistoric times when people were genetically modifying their food without realizing it . Our ancestors didn’t have an idea what genetics were but they did have an idea of artificial selection or selectiveRead MoreA Lonely Quest For Facts On Genetically Modified Foods955 Words   |  4 PagesThe advancement of technology has allowed our generation to genetically modify food for what is believed to be beneficial to consumers. The environmental and health effects of genetically modified foods have generated controversy about whether these foods are safe. With such advances, the use of genetically modified food is expanding, even though they re unlabeled. Genetically modified foods s hould be labeled because of the possible health, environmental, and economic risks. Once a consumer knows

reebok segmentation - 1743 Words

Segmenting, Targeting and Positioning: Segmenting Reebok has been a market leader for many years in the sports shoes . It has been able to achieve it through its efficient and effective marketing strategies. Reebok used innovative strategies as per the consumer needs . Reebok segmented the market on the following parameters: Geography: Reebok chose to operate on Pan country basis. where it segmented locations as per the consumers needs. The attribute requirement of the product in one region will be different from the other regions. Demographics Age – Reebok has segmented its product range as per the age of the consumers. The requirements attributes like comfort level, design is different for different age groups. The primary†¦show more content†¦Marketing Mix Elements Product: In the sports shoes category, Reebok has categorized products in terms of use for men, women and kids. They are usually classified under the categories such as Running, CrossFit, Walking, Basketball, Training and Classics. Reebok footwear offers shock absorption, ideal for those who run or walk a lot every day. Reebok shoes reduce stress on feet, especially the heels, and direct the energy through the foot to make the walk or run effortless. They offer exceptional fit, traction, and strengthen the leg muscles and calves as one exercise in the gym or just walk around. Reebok shoes offered a broader forefoot, which suited the Indian consumer, in contrast to the other international competitors which offered narrower forefoot. There are classic Reebok footwear pieces and funky new designs like the ReeZig and ReeTone which help strengthen leg muscles and calves when one exercise or walk around. Running shoes, Basketball shoes, Tennis shoes for clay, grass and hard courts, Cricket shoes and more Reebok sports shoes are classified by sport. Reebok sports shoes aims for all health, fitness and sport enthusiasts. Price Reebok follows penetration pricing models for sports shoes in India as their main aim is to grow in the market. Reebok sports shoes prices start from a competitive Rs.990/- compared to Nike’s Rs.2,000/-. This pricing is maintained so as toShow MoreRelatedA Case Study on Lady Foot Locker: the Lobo Launch1978 Words   |  8 Pagespartnership with Reebok. Was there retail potential in a signature product built around an emerging professional women’s player such as Rebecca Lobo? Did it make sense financially? II. Objectives of the Study This study seeks the following objectives: - to be able to understand the market potential of LFL shoes in partnership of Reebok - to determine the profitability of the partnership and the launch - to know whether the decision of being partners with Reebok on the Lobo launchRead MoreMarketing plan for shoes company -New Balance7828 Words   |  32 Pagesplan is aimed to penetrate more market shares through better distribution channels and advertising. Also, its target area will also switch to whole Australia rather than only Sydney. 2. EXTERNAL and INTERNAL ANALYSES 2.1 Market Definition and Segmentation New Balance currently into running, walking, cross training, basketball, tennis, adventure sports, football and kids etc. In its new balance training shoes category, it will have its share in the major part in the business. 2.1.1 Primary ResearchRead MoreBe Strong(Ryka Case Study)947 Words   |  4 Pagesquestion whether an aquatic shoe will be a success. Sev ¬eral years ago, Nike introduced AquaSocks, which have mesh uppers and rubber soles. These are so popular that imitation products, selling for as low as $6.99, have ap ¬peared at Kmart. Nike and Reebok have noticed RYKA s success and have introduced their own shoes designed for women. Heavy competition could cost RYKA its niche in the market, but the company is now positioned as more than just an athletic shoe company. Sheri Poe, once a victimRead MoreAdvertising and Reebok6354 Words   |  26 Pages 1 2. Introduction 3 3. Analysis of Reebok Taglines and Logos 6 4. Market Segmentation and Positioning 10 5. Reebok Product Mix 11 6. Details of Store visits Read MoreReebok International Ltd.5346 Words   |  22 PagesReebok is an American-inspired, global brand that creates and markets sports and lifestyle products built upon a strong heritage and authenticity in sports, fitness and women’s categories. The brand is committed to designing products and marketing programs that reflect creativity and the desire to constantly challenge the status quo. Reebok’s mission vision-Always Challenge and Lead through Creativity Reebok believes that human rights are most important thing as like as every person needsRead MoreIdentifing Market Segments and Target2062 Words   |  9 PagesTARGET Market segmentation is the division of the total market into relatively homogeneous, but distinct segments. It is used to identify target audiences and strengthen a campaign s effectiveness in reaching selected segments. Segments usually respond to campaign elements differently and different techniques are required to reach and motivate various segments. We will discuss Market Segments and Targets, and we will know: What are the different levels of market segmentation? How can aRead MoreCompetitive Advantage Of Puma And Reebok Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pagescustomers perceive as superior in terms of quality and price (Rothschild 1971). Both Puma and Reebok engage in various forms of competitive strategies in order to remain relevant in an extremely competitive industry involving sports apparel. This paper seeks to compare the strategies and business models of the two companies with special reference to competitive advantage. Backgrounds of Puma and Reebok PUMA is one of the leading global companies in athletic footwear, apparel and accessories. PumaRead MoreAdidas 2008 Study Case1488 Words   |  6 PagesCustomization Experience, a strategy where customers can create and devise their ideal products. In the 2005, Adidas announced the sale of the company Salomon Group, by 485 million â‚ ¬ to Amer Sports, a Finland company in the same year, Adidas bought Reebok its rival by 3.8 trillions of dollars. In this way Adidas was able to approach more to the leader company, Nike. 2. External Analysis a) PESTLE Political | Policies to protect human health (eliminate PVC).Policies to protect the employees’Read MoreAdidas Marketing Strategy3327 Words   |  14 Pages||| Contents ||| Background 3 adidas in India 3 Industry Scenario 5 Scope of Study 6 Consumers 7 Consumer Behaviour 8 Environmental Analysis 10 Retail 12 Competitors 13 Segmentation 15 Targeting Positioning 16 Recommendations 19 Appendix 21 ||| Background ||| adidas AG is a German sports apparel manufacturer, part of the adidas Group. It registered as adidas AG on 18 August 1949 (with lower-case lettering: adidas). The companyRead MoreExam 2 Sports Marketing925 Words   |  4 Pagesmarket. a. segmenting b. targeting c. positioning d. repositioning e. none of the above 5. _____ is changing the image or perception of the sports entity in the minds of consumers in the target market. a. Positioning b. Segmentation c. Targeting d. Repositioning e. None of the above 6. Niche strategies are concerned with _____. a. building new venues with relatively small fields to fit in more luxury suites b. functionality, not profit c. capturing a relatively small market

Pet Adoption And Depression ( Cherney ) - 1531 Words

Pet Adoption and Depression Approximately 20.9 million adults in the United States are currently coping with depression or a mood or anxiety disorder, and this number is seemingly on the rise (Mental Disorders In America). It is becoming more and more likely for people in the United States to be diagnosed with depression or anxiety. However, this number only accounts for the number of individuals who choose to seek professional help or medical treatment, because many people are not even aware that they could be depressed. Most of the patients that are being treated are using a variety of different techniques and medicines to enhance their mood. Some of the most popular antidepressant medications that doctors are currently prescribing are†¦show more content†¦Simply petting a dog can noticeably lower an individual’s heart rate and blood pressure. Some studies even show that pet owners have slightly lower cholesterol than their peers who do not live with pets (Benjamin). Dogs’ positive infl uences on their owners’ health goes even deeper yet. Even though it seems absolutely irrational, there is evidence and studies that link dogs with detecting cancer. There are many reports of dog owners who claimed that their canine friends continuously licked or sniffed moles and lumps on their bodies that were found to be cancerous. As impossible as it seems, there is actual scientific evidence that states some dogs can smell cancer in the human body (Benjamin). While cancer is definitely terrible to find, early detection can make all the difference, and having a dog can be that difference. Not only can dogs cause their owners to be more active, but they can also save their lives. It is no secret that dogs long ago earned their label as â€Å"man’s best friend†. It only makes sense, considering that dogs have been owned by humans since ancient times. Pets are obviously great companions for just about anyone. However, for someone suffering from depression, anxiety, or another mood disorder, the companionship of a pet can be the only thing giving them happiness. Dogs are perfect for shy people who still seek

Effects of Electronic Media on the Students of IIUI Free Essays

In today’s world of science and technology, though our lives are becoming easier but complex at the same time. Electronic media is one of the pillars of our life transformation and development which is making us more aware and updated. More, spending more time on the internet and electronic devices decreases the time for healthy activities such as physical activity, sports, community service and cultural pursuits. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Electronic Media on the Students of IIUI or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is also creating a communication gap between parents and their children. Further, this has also caused youth the problem that now they are unable to differentiate between fantasy and reality. Media’s exposure in the form of mystery and murder movies and stories filled with terror and torture has largely affected their behavior. As a result, they have become violent and are more prone to confrontation with their teachers, getting involved in fights with their peers and facing a drastic decline in school successes. Girls experience more fear from media as compared to boys. Depression Teenagers who are addicted to the internet develop rapid depression and psychic problems than those who are classified under normal internet users. By using chatting apps and talking to strangers, bold screening of films and dramas, it creates a fantasy world for the girls, thus leaving them far behind from reality. Rather than spending their evenings reading a book or cooking, girls instead spend up to five hours a night on their laptop – obsessively tracking the lives of, old friends and acquaintances and work colleagues. Spending too much time online can expose a ‘dark side’. Those who didn’t previously suffer from depression are made to feel ill, fed up and unsafe and those who are on continuous use often feel worse. There appears to be an undeviating interconnection between spending more time online and feeling less happier about life. People who spent excessive time online don’t even realise that they are developing symptoms of depression. For people who do find themselves online more frequently, it may be useful to know these signs of depression from the National Institute of Mental. Health: Concentration problem and difficulty in decisions making Decline of energy, rise to stress and fatigue Feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness Feelings of guilt Insomnia or excessive sleep Restlessness and irritability Loss of interest in physical activities Appetite loss or over eating Continuous pains, headaches, cramps or digestive problems Persistent sad, or ’empty feelings’ Thoughts of suicide or suicide attempts Sleep Disturbances Immoderate use of internet is related with sleep deprivation. Lack of sleep leads to negative consequences such as fatigue and problems in the immune system. Accessing the internet via a mobile when in bed makes it harder for the mind to relax, further, hindering sleep. In addition, the electromagnetic radiation emitting from the mobile, delays melatonin production. Imprudent exposure to blue light emitted from the screens of internet connected devices also disrupts the sleep wake cycle and makes sleep more difficult. When our internal body clock is disrupted, we may develop sleep disorders such as delayed sleep phase disorder which can further aggravate the health effects of sleep deprivation. Risk of illness of immune system and chronic pain The incessant touching of phone harbours germs on our handset. The greasy, oily residue we may see on our cell phones after a day’s use can contain more disease prone germs than those found on a toilet seat. Further, cellphones require constant use of our hands especially when sending texts and emails. Responding to messages at rapid speeds can cause inflammation in our joints. Back pain is also common with increased cell phone use especially if you hold the phone between your neck and shoulder when you multi task. Methodology and Methods This applied study uses qualitative method. The research population composed of 10 BS students of International Islamic University Islamabad. The students were selected through random selection. Profile of locale For conducting this research, female students of International Islamic University Islamabad were selected to interview. Results and Conclusion Results After analyzing the answers given by the respondents, our hypothesis is proved that excessive use of electronic media leaves an negative impact on youth Thus, hindering their physical and emotional health and lack of communication. Conclusion It can be concluded that if the use of electronic media is not controlled, it leaves many negative impact on the lives of youth and can destroy their lives. They are not able to face the real world and their social personality is completely destroyed. They do not remain one personality, they differently express themselves on social media and are completely different in real lives. How to cite Effects of Electronic Media on the Students of IIUI, Papers

Principles of Financial Economics

Question: Discuss about the Principles of Financial Economics. Answer: Introduction The organizations ST Barbara Limited and Sandfire Resources NL both belong to the mineral and industrial exploration contributors that are enlisted in the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX). It has been found that within the ASX, there are various companies in this particular sector that are enlisted but this sector has enormously enriched after the certain explosion in the construction industry, which has been observed in the starting of this century (Alexander 2008). Both the mentioned organizations compete with each other in equal events through a detailed analysis of the fiscal declarations. It has been noted that the mentioned firms are performing comparatively better in the specified segment within the nation. Thus, the share price and the financial performance of both the firms have been studied in order to encourage the investors and also to direct them to invest in the appropriate firm for earning increased rate of returns. In this report, both the macro and micro economic aspe cts have been listed in order to guide both the stakeholders and the investors regarding their investment in the proper firm. Top down Analysis The growth rate of the particular firms was 2.4 % in the year 2015, whereas their falling has been compared with the value in the year 2014 to an insignificant 1.5 % rate of industrial average. Exchange Rates It has been found that in the year 2015, the value of AUD decreased and the decreasing prices of the cement and steel put an adverse effect on the export industry to a larger extent and it can be said from this that the particular trend will be similar in the year 2016 (Frank, Bernanke and Kaufman 2007). The lower demand of the Chinese for exports also implies the similar effect. Nevertheless, it has been noted that Australia is the only country that is considered as the OECD and has not been suffered from recession during the period of fiscal crisis, as the nation continuously sustained its economic position throughout the period. The particular country experienced a spontaneous growth for long 25 years and this has influenced the companies of material industry like - Sandfire Resources NL and ST Barbara Limited. As the mentioned firms are bigger in the national levels, these can be influenced by the macro-economic aspects like exchange rate of the currency. In order to revitalize the national economic condition, the Central Bank of the country decreased its rate to 2% in the last year in the month of May. It has been found that this proposal is supported by the household costs of Australia that are nonetheless indebted. Thus, the economic condition of Australia remains fortunate; the public debt of the nation is considered as one of the lowest in OECD countries. Malcolm Turnbull became the prime minister of the country in the year 2015, in the month of September and his precursor Tony Abbott suffered a lot due to the economic downturn. This resulted into increase in the public deficit at his tenure. Malcolm Turnbull intends to incorporate an economic policy for recovery by investing in the infrastructure and training along with empowerment of the service sector, whose one of the component is the banking sector (Hall and Cowles 2008). This lead to increment in the exploration of mineral by the two mentioned firms and this consequently developed the fiscal condition of the industry and this has been reflected in the fiscal declarations of Sandfire Resources NL and ST Barbara Limited. Levels of Inflation On the basis of the statistics of the Central Bank of the country Australia, it can be said that in the year 2015, the rate of inflation was 1.5 % and the interest rate was similar i.e. constant to minimum and low. These indicate that economic condition of the country has a healthy rudiment that persuades the growth rate. It has been found that the changes in the economic condition have created challenges for different countries, but the economic system of Australia sustained as it has sound macro level, especially when it comes to inflation. On the contrary, since the year 2013, the inflation rate continues to go downhill with highs of about 2.9 % in the previous two years. However, as these rates were not much low, the economic situations like the rate of inflation has been decreased from the expected rate with a falling CPI rate to 2.1 % based on its stationary, but in the last year it was 2.7 % annually. Thus, this has influenced the particular industry positively as the figures improved compared to the results of the prior year i.e. 2014 (Keim and Ziemba 2000). Inflation The inflation rate lowered dangerously as the Central Bank of Australia opposed to other countries, especially where deflation and constant looms took place by preserving a constant rate of inflation. It provides a highly constant and also makes the banking industry able in submitting attractive and good fiscal results to its investors. Moreover, the macroeconomic situation made it much attractive to other countries who are intending for making investments. A movement might be counted as the household consumptions within the finance that moves the countrys economy to an unlimited position. Additionally, for the international investors, an individual can earn incentives by investing in the country and this has resulted into decreased and constant inflation rate that lowers the insecurity with the passage of time. Growth Domestic Product (GDP) The GDP of the country Australia per capita is found to be in the highest position across the world, thus, it can be said that the particular nation is a prosperous country. In the year 2015, the rate of unemployment was 6.2 % and it found to be comparatively lower than 2014 due to the downturn in the mining industry (Mankiw 2004). GDPs slow growth impacted the stock price of the firm ST Barbara Limited (A$6.59) and it found that its stock price did not increase as it was expected. On the other hand, the stock price of the firm Sand fire Resources NL was A$16.38. This implies that the GDP of Australia affected the firms directly. Thus, the government of the nation should develop and stabilize the macroeconomic situation of the nation. The development should take place regarding the enrichment of the economic growth of the nation, decrease in the rate of inflation and also to stabilize the exchange rates. Exchange Rate The particular country Australia is enriched in natural resources and is also considered as on one of the five biggest money markets. Therefore, based on the technical and fundamental analysis, the rate of exchange should impact the banking sector. The economy of the country does not progress as it was expected and it is the cause for depreciation and lowering of the rate of interest to 0.25 %. As per the declarations of the RBA (Reserve Bank of Australia), the main causes for the devaluation of the currency was understood. The government of the country forecasted the rate of growth to be 7.6 % in comparison to 8.5 % of the previous year. An outflow of fund was noticed from key material industries since losing in the interest of the dividend and devaluation of currency (Islam and Vos 2011). Thus, slow repatriation of the finances was noticed in the market. Moreover, the pairs of AUS / JPY and AUS / USD were impacted, thus, the returns were also affected and offered no interest. It le ads to the reduction of the attractiveness of the stocks. Additionally, it has also affected stock prices of ST Barbara Limited and Sandfire Resources NL depressingly. The Aussi suffered the hardest hit in the market of foreign exchange this year and it was not only adjacent to the U.S. dollar, rather to other pairs, such as JPY, EUR and GBP. Thus, the financial market was subsequently influenced the banking sector. Nevertheless, in recent times, the prices of the Australian stocks increased with the strong gains in the monetary sector for compensating the decline in the resources that are related to the industry of raw material. It has been identified that the stock prices of the material sector of Australia has been gained. Economic Expansion in Australia In the year 2015, the GDP of Australia increased by 2.5 % from the year 2014. This rate is considered as one tenth lower than the present time period i.e. 2.6 %. In the year 2015, the per capita of GDP was A$ 36,708, A$ 51,829, A$ 350 and A$ 9,234 which was higher than A$ 46,358 or A$ 61,063 of the year 2014. The evolution of the per capita GDP was contrasted these data along with that of the year 2005, during which the per capita GDP of Australia was $ 27,390. It can also be said that in the year 2016, the economic overview indicates a positive situation with a lesser rate. Thus, Australia will be able to highlight more on the issues that are related to growth and no healing. Moreover, the macroeconomic situation possesses scope and for this monetary policy can be implemented for fulfilling its functions. Therefore, the particular industry is considered to vibrant. Bottom-up Analysis Background of the Companies ST Barbara ltd is situated in Western Australia and it belongs to the mineral exploratory sector of Australia. This deals with oil and gold market, on the other hand, Sandfire Resources NL deals with the copper producer that regulates its business in the high grade copper sector. It determines the differences and the similarities of the different magnitudes that is constituted within the balance sheets and the other fiscal declarations for weighing the particular amount on the basis of the relative and absolute values. This was done for diagnosing, variations and mutations. Both of these firms are enlisted in the ASX, though in the ASX there are several material industries and financial segments, the mentioned companies mainly compete with each other and this can be better understood based on the fiscal declarations. Fiscal Declarations Analysis Assets Sandfire Resources NL has assets of A$ 95.65 Billion that is more than September 2015 by 10.19 %. The portfolio of loan is the key item of the assets of the firm having a share of 55.4 %, followed by 24.6 % investments and 14.5 /5 availability. Thus, increase in both investments and portfolio took place. In the year 2016, ST Barbara Limited has assets over A$ 933.06 Billion that is the value increased by 11 %. The availability was increased by 12.68 % to AUSD 33.859 million on year to year basis in case of ST Barbara Limited at a rate of 25.74 % and ST Barbara Limited at a rate of 33.01 %. An increase in the loan portfolio took place annually based on the historical data and this helps to maintain an upward trend that reflected in the graph. In the local currency, the portfolio is identified as 62.82 %. In the particular sector, the equity portfolio increased due to increased placements of the mineral sectors. A certain increase in the portfolio percentage also increases the percentage to 10.23 % for ST Barbara Limited and this intended to service sector and strongly entered the market of Australia in the field of mineral exploration. Liabilities The total liabilities of the firm increased by 9.86 % from Q /. 18981.44 million to Q /. 211,430.84 million, additionally, the depository compulsions accounted as 80.70% of the total liabilities and this increased by 8.42 % to Q/. 13247.48 million. Money and time deposits are comprised of 37.68 % and 41.27 % respectively and the remaining 20.65 % are considered as savings. Moreover, in the national currency, 82.06 % are considered as depository compulsions and the funding is counted as comparatively diversified (Mishkin and Eakins 2009). The increase in the various resources of funding is analyzed as the indicators that imply a growth that is similar to the balanced percentage (Wise 2004). The increment in the cost financing implies a benefit regarding requirement of lesser liquidity. On the other hand, the increase in the monetary deposits includes higher exploratory activities. in 2015, liability of ST Barbara Limited increased by 21.24 % to Q /. 130.25 million. The current system of industry is considered as the second source for funding pertinent to the loans that are achieved as 94.26% from the foreign fiscal organizations. As a portion of liability, the total credits that are earned increase the share price from 13.27 % in September 2013 to 14.37 % in September 2015. It can also be said that the total credits increased from Q /. 30,384.08 million to Q /. 4850.98 million by 18.99 %. Paid up Capital and Equity The primary capital increased by 14.42 % to Q /. 2.272 million and it is represented as 81.74% of total assets. From this it can be said that the firm has a better rate of solvency. The supplementary capital increased by 9.21 % to Q 1 /. 290 million and this is related to rise in exercise results. In Australia, the mineral companies indicated an increase in growth of paid-in capital. In the firms, the assets were equivalent to Q /. 22,604.20 billion and it raised to Q /. 2912.87 billion by 13.43 % in the next year. This fluctuation took place as the behavior of the paid-in capital contributes permanently and it can be said based on the results of the previous years that growth too place by 23.12 % and 53.20 % respectively. In 2015, the capital paid increased by Q /. 451.60 million and Q /. 846.64 million for the firms Sandfire Resources NL Limited and ST Barbara Limited respectively by 63.07 % and 60 %. On the other hand, the credits earned and deposits evolution remained comparatively same. Liquidity and Solvency In 2014, the liquidity indicator was equivalent to 21.81 %, whereas in 2013, it also remained comparatively stable. The mineral industry had largest immediate liquidity and it was 68.66 % for Sandfire Resources NL and 31.47 % for ST Barbara Limited. The reason behind this is the strength in the exploratory capabilities. The net income was equivalent to Q 2,579,100 that is 1.01 % lower i.e. Q. 83.04 million and as a percentage value of the fiscal amount it was recorded as 2.07 p.p for contraction and 17.63 % score. This implies both the mentioned firms have a downward trend from March 2015. Additionally, the administrative and funding expenses also increased that implies a downward trend. Profit levels in Companies and Industries It has been found that Sandfire Resources NL and ST Barbara Limited have the best position in case of equity sector that is 22.54 % and 14.08 % respectively that exhibit the appropriate return regarding assets i.e. 3.20 % and 2.9 % respectively (Piros and Pinto 2013). On the other hand, great development has been identified in the material industry in both returns on equity and performance of the assets i.e. ROE increased by 1.78 % and ROA increased by 0.35 %. It has been found that the profitability indicators of the particular firm represent a slowdown trend from the year 2014 (September). The ROE was 6.29% that is 1.75 p.p. lesser than the value in May and ROA was lower by 1.53 % i.e. 0.21 p.p. lesser than the value in September of the year 2013 (Mishkin and Eakins 2009). It has found to be consistent with lower operating efficiency that is registered by the specified sector. The profits for the present fiscal time period that ends at 31st June, the firm ST Barbara Limited has profit over A$ 27 Billion and Sandfire Resources NL Ltd has a profit of A$ 9.227 Billion. Risks Present in Industry and Company In 2014, in the month of September, the equity portfolio was analyzed that implies five primary economic activities, where most of the resources are placed as transfers, various destinations and consumption. The annual behavior analysis of the components of loan portfolio is possible to scrutinize the electricity, water and gas credit risk that increased by 17.50 %, on the other hand, the services portfolio decreased by 11.77 %. Therefore, it can be said that both the mentioned firms are considered as key constituents of the GDP of Australia. The rate of delinquency showed that an annual increase took place by 0.08 p.p. (Rashid 2000). The performing loans increased by 14.52 % that is borrowed by the average of industry in comparison to the growth of the present portfolio by about 7.89 %. It has been noted that 98.59 % of the total gross portfolio acts as performing loans and the remaining 1.41 % is considered as the debt of the firm. Ratios The macro and micro economic factors of the companies have been enlisted here in a summarized form for helping the shareholders and investors to obtain the best form from the company as well as industry through ratio analysis. Ratios are considered as quantity or value that relates the economic units and the technical units i.e. monetary and physical respectively. The pilot ratios are generally restored by the medium-ratio that expresses the financial condition of these companies (Rashid 2000). Moreover, arithmetic mean and median can be utilized for better determination and also for avoiding the arbitrary leveling. Additionally, consideration analysis is also important for understanding the balance between the capital requirements and the equity constituents. Nevertheless, a too high value for a funding ratio might create various issues from the view point of the profitability of the firm. The analysis presumes financing of fixed assets through upper permanent capital of 100 %. This generally occurs when an organization uses some external resources for a long-term than their requirement. Furthermore, it is assumed that expenses for long-term financing are more than short-term. Recommendations The mineral industry has measured the market share along with their penetration by several organizations that have size and several executives who work there. All these are prepared on the basis of the model that is followed by the consumers for going to a close by place and have minimum of single executive who might fulfill the needs. The increment in the need of minerals like gold and copper leads to an increase in the difficulty for meeting operating expenses. The two mentioned firms have already propagated the canals self-care that splits the prior premise for raising their productivity. For improving the performance of the mineral sector, the mineral industry and the government of the nation should implement propel of measure on the mentioned firms - NL Limited Australia and ST Barbara Limited. The governments should develop and make the macroeconomic situation of the nation constant i.e. the government should stabilize the rate of exchange, reduce the inflation rate and should look over the economic growth of the nation. These would develop the banking industry performance and thus spill over can be understood in the mineral industry. Conclusions Therefore, it can be concluded that in present day, the demand of the customers towards the products varies as per their behavior and needs. Moreover, on the basis of the historical information, the problems are anticipated such that the mineral industry incorporates during the time of production. Additionally, it can also be said that the mineral industry is prepared for serving in any facilitated layouts. Thus, it can be said that the material industry should provide developed services to the consumers of the firm. 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