Crooks

Blacks originally came from West Africa (Nigeria, Ghana and Liberia). Rich white land owners wanted slaves to work on cotton plantations in the Deep South (Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia). In the early 1800 century blacks grew in numbers in small community theses are commonly referred to as nigger nests. People in the north did not agree with slavery and thus forth created the American civil war. In the 1860's the north won and slaves were freed but wee still classed as second class citizens. Crooks from â€Å"Of Mice and Men† is a prime example of how blacks were treated in the 1860's. He is called â€Å"a nigger† by the other workers this shows that they don't give him enough respect to call him by his own name. Crooks is only allowed in the bunkhouse during Christmas and then is only used for sport for the other workers entertainment. The other workers shout at him and in the last paragraph curly steal's his gun. This shows that he is treated with no respect at all by the other workers. Crooks' living accommodation tells us how mistreated he is for example Crooks lives in a â€Å"little shed† .this tell us that he is seen as small and weak. â€Å"Square four panel window† this makes his home sound like a prison. This tells us he is trapped in his job with no chance of escape. His bed is a box of straw. This tells us he is treated like an animal and not even aloud a real bed. Outside of his window there is a pile of horse poo this tells us he is treated like shit. Crooks has few possessions he has books this tells us he is very literate and likes to read, a gun this tells us he needs to protect himself from something, an alarm clock this tells us he stick to a schedule and has duties to attend to, several pairs of shoe's this Shows us he works hard and has to replace his shoes often. His possessions are the only things he can use's to pass the time this helps us to understand his extreme loneliness. Crooks was injured by a horse kicking him now he is disabled this adds to his problems. Steinbeak reminds us that he is like white i.e. pink palms and pink lips. All of the people in the ranch judge him except from slim and Lennie this tells us he is an outsider. On the ranch crooks works as a stable buck (attends to the horse's) the owners and the workers actually need him but they don't lets it seem like they do. He is actually more skilled then most men but because of his colour he is treated much worse than the other men. The only thing he can really do as a pass time is read his books and tend to the horses this tells us he is educated an able to read and he is dedicated to his job because even in his free time he is still tending to the horses. His extreme loneliness suggests that some of his books are pornographic. This exaggerates his loneliness. Crooks's feelings are conflicted when it comes to the workers he wants company but he feels threatened by the other workers. The only people he willingly let into his home is lennie and slim he doesn't see them as a threat because only there the only people on the ranch that don't judge him for being black. The only other person he lets in is his boss but does this unwillingly. This tells us that he is very protective of his little piece of land. Crooks is constantly in pain from his accident. This makes him angry and short tempered. He is also in a lot of mental pain. He deals with the fact that he is a nobody and is under constant fear that the other workers will turn on him. Crooks was brought up in California .but is an immigrant from Mexico. Therefore he has always been an outsider. He has some companions like lennie and slim but not often most of the time he is either with the horses or on his own. Curly's wife destroyed his hope of any future friendship by reminding him of his worthlessness and belittling him. Crooks cause his own isolation by shutting people out. He wants to build a wall to block everyone else out ban leave isolate himself from the rest of the world.

Hot zone

There are a number of characters in this book, choose one and tell us why you would want to be that person. Throughout this book we are introduced to many interesting and riveting characters but in my opinion one of the best characters in this book would have to be Major Nancy Jaax. She was a veterinarian in the Army, and her work at Fort Detrick in Maryland often took her away from her children. Consequently, she often made up batches of meals in advance so they could easily be thawed and reheated in the microwave (Preston, 1994). She and her husband, Jerry, met in college and both became veterinarians.They eventually entered the military together as members of the Army's Veterinary Corps(Preston, 1994). They lived in Maryland with their two children, Jason and Jaime, and various pets. Nancy's work took her away from her family in other respects, as well, and she missed saying goodbye to her dying father because she felt that leaving during the decontamination mission would be a der eliction of duty (Preston, 1994). Nancy Jaax had to fight to get into the pathology group at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (Preston, 1994).At that time, her status as a married female† made other people feel that she was unqualified for the Job and that she would panic in a dire situation. The military at that time was still a very male-oriented organization. In addition, Nancy had bad reactions to the vaccinations necessary to enter the program (Preston, 1994). She actually wanted to get into the Level 4, or the highest-risk part of the program, because there is no vaccine for those agents. Finally, Nancy's hands tended to move very quickly, and that made others nervous (Preston, 1994).When individuals handle sharp instruments that could be contaminated witn virus-intested b everyone wants to believe that his or ner partner is going to handle these instruments safely. Over the course of time, Nancy battled through each of these objec tions. She studied martial arts to control her movements, and at 5 feet, 4 inches, she could knock a 6-foot-tall man to the ground easily (Preston, 1994). Getting accepted into the program also included her standing up for herself to the colonel in charge of the program (Preston, 1994).She proved her desire and her competency, and by the time of the outbreak at the monkey house in Reston, Nancy Jaax had been promoted to the Chief of Pathology at USAMRIID Preston, 1994). 2. In your opinion did the government react appropriately when they decided to destroy the monkeys in Reston? Why or why not? In my opinion, yes the government did react appropriately when they decided to destroy the monkeys in Reston. The monkeys at a research facility were infected with a strain of Ebola.The military, along with the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), takes on the task of entering the monkey house and destroying the animals in an attempt to keep the virus from Jumping into the human population and c ausing a potentially worldwide crisis (Preston, 1994). The entire facility must be treated as a Hot Zone, and hundreds of monkeys are killed. Scares abound throughout the procedure: one woman's ventilated suit runs out of battery power, a monkey thought to be unconscious wakes up on the operating table while it is being euthanized and tries to bite a soldier, and tears occur in various members' space suits

Examine how Shakespeare Presents Essay

Romeo and Juliet’ has many different themes and messages, with one of the most popular being love. Shakespeare gives most significance to the romantic love between Romeo and Juliet, but there are lots of other aspects of love in the play and Shakespeare uses the different characters to present this. One form of love that Shakespeare describes in the play is the parental love between parents or carers such as the nurse, and children. Romeo’s family life is presented as more caring than Juliet’s. This is shown when Romeo’s mother dies of grief when Romeo is banished and also when Juliet’s parents don’t understand how she’s feeling and don’t guess that she is prepared to kill herself. The Montague’s are concerned about Romeo’s state of mind at the beginning of the play, as he seems very depressed: ‘Many a morning hath he there been seen, with tears augmenting the fresh morning dew, adding to clouds, more clouds with his deep sighs†¦ ‘ This is contrasted with the way Shakespeare presents Juliet’s family life. Capulet at first appears to love Juliet as a parent loves a child and does not consider her an adult. When Paris asks to marry Juliet, Capulet says he should wait as they do not feel she is ready to be a bride. This could be interpreted in two ways, that he does not feel she is ready to experience sexual love, but also that he does not want her to leave his household. ‘She hath not seen the change of fourteen years. Let two more summers wither in their pride Ere we think her ripe to be a bride. ‘ However, later his attitude changes, it seems to be more important that she obeys him and he threatens to disown her if she doesn’t marry and settle down in a good arranged marriage. This still appears to be a loving thing to do, as he feels he knows what’s best for her as a loving parent and he is sure that Juliet will do what he wants: ‘Sir Paris, I will make a desperate tender Of my child’s love. I think she will be ruled In all respects by me: nay more, I doubt it not. ‘ However as soon as Juliet refuses to do what Capulet wants, he completely loses his temper and says: ‘And you be mine, I’ll give you to my friend; And you be not, hang, beg, starve, die in the streets, For by my soul, I’ll ne’er acknowledge thee, Nor what is mine shall never do thee good. Trust to’t, bethink you, I’ll not be forsworn. ‘ As Juliet has mainly been brought up by her nurse, she is not very close to Lady Capulet in a mother/daughter way and theydo not have a very good relationship; Lady Capulet seems to be unsure of being alone with Juliet and asks the nurse to stay when she is going to tell Juliet that she is to marry Paris. Later Lady Capulet refuses to comfort Juliet, when she is distraught at the thought of marrying Paris. Her view of love seems to be that marriage is far more important than love and a woman is not secure until she is married. She feels that as long as Juliet likes the look of Paris when she sees him that evening, then love can come later: ‘Read o’er the volume of young Paris’ face, And find delight writ there with beauty’s pen; Examine every married lineament. ‘ And see how one another lends content;’ The nurse though is far more natural when talking of Juliet, for example she knows Juliet’s birthday to the last minute, while Lady Capulet seems a little unsure of Juliet’s exact age and the nurse reminisces at length about Juliet’s childhood. It is also the nurse who Juliet gets to help her to contact Romeo. The nurse also shows another type of love, which is a crude form of love. The nurse, even though she brings some of the things she talks about down to this level, does it in a somehow more pleasant way than Sampson and Gregory, as she is not boasting but just reflecting her upbringing ‘Go girl seek happy nights to happy days’ This language also contrasts with the language of Juliet and her mother when the three of them have a conversation, it is obvious that Lady Capulet and Juliet are of a higher class. She refers to Juliet’s wedding day and of course the first thing she thinks about is the wedding night; she quotes her husband:†yea,’ quoth he, ‘dost thou fall upon thy face? Thou wilt fall backward when thou hast more wit,’ Another character who uses this kind of language is Mercutio, but because he is a higher class, therefore his language is more superior and witty. The characters Sampson and Gregory, are also used by Shakespeare to highlight the more crude forms of love. They parade around the streets and are always boasting and showing off. ‘Therefore I will push Montague’s men from the wall, and thrust his maids to the wall’ This is obviously not talking about true love, but simply referring to sex. It is all talk of what they are going to do to the enemy, but none of it is likely to happen. ‘Aye the heads of the maids, or their Maidenheads – take it in what sense thou wilt. ‘ Shakespeare has used Sampson and Gregory and their bravado in the opening scene of Romeo and Juliet to demonstrate the hatred between the two families and also that it has spread right through the households to the servants. The whole idea of Shakespeare using this crude speech, is to then emphasize the beautiful poetry between Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare also presents love in the form of infatuation. Initially Romeo is portrayed as a young man who thinks he is desperately in love with Rosaline. However he is evidently very confused and his language reflects his feelings. ‘Mis-shapen chaos of well- seeming forms Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health, Still waking sleep, that is not what it is’ Romeo’s behaviour shows he enjoys his melancholy state as he cuts himself off from the outside, but makes sure everyone knows about his depression. He tries to explain to Benvolio how depressed and confused he feels. ‘love is a smoke made with the fume of sighs,being purged, a fire sparkling in lovers’ eyes, being vexed, a sea nourished with lovers’ tears, What is it else? A madness most discreet, A choking gall, and a preserving sweet. ‘ Unfortunately for Romeo, Rosaline does not love him back and is unlikely to: ‘From love’s weak childish bow she lives uncharmed. ‘ Benvolio’s view of love seems to be quite cynical. In his opinion, all Romeo needs is to meet someone else to love and that will cure him of loving Rosaline: ‘Tut man, one fire burns out another’s burning, One pain is lessened by another’s anguish. Then later: ‘Take thou some new infection to thy eye, And the rank poison of the old will die. † When Romeo does see Juliet, his feeling for Rosaline is proved to be infatuation, as he forgets all about Rosaline: ‘Did my heart love till now? Forswear it sight, For I ne’er saw true beauty till this night. ‘ Romeo also confides in the Friar who is amazed that Romeo’s feelings for Rosaline can be so quickly changed: ‘Holy St Francis, what a change is here! Is Rosaline, whom thou dids’t love so dear, So soon forsaken? Young men’s love then lies. Not truly in their hearts but in their eyes! ‘ The Friar tells Romeo that what he felt for Rosaline was not true love but what he feels for Juliet might be. ‘For this alliance may so happy prove, To turn your households’ rancour to pure love. ‘ Romeo had taken his infatuation very seriously and it affected him deeply. His love is like a religion and he is angry that his faith leads him to believe something so false: ‘When the devout religion of mine eye Maintains such falsehood, then turn tears to fire,’ Romeo’s behavior undergoes a big change when he meets Juliet. Shakespeare contrasts Romeo’s feelings of infatuation for Rosaline, with his true love for Juliet, through the language Romeo uses. Instead of the confusion he felt when he was in ‘love’ with Rosaline his speech becomes romantic and gentle. ‘Two of the fairest stars in all the heaven Having some business, do entreat her eyes. To twinkle in their spheres till they return. ‘ Romeo is presented as an extremely romantic character and true love means a lot to him. Shakespeare has shown us what false love or infatuation is like and this then emphasises how he presents true love. Romeo has a complete change in his personality after he meets Juliet. He had been hiding himself away from company, but in Act 2 scene 4 there is a complete change in his manner and he is sociable again. His friends try to tease him but Romeo gets the better of them and they comment on the change in his nature: ‘Why is not this better now than groaning for love? Now art thou sociable, now art thou Romeo. Now art thou what thou art, by art as Well as by nature†¦. ‘ Juliet’s behaviour also changes as soon as she meets Romeo at her father’s party. As she is so young she is an obedient and dutiful daughter, whose only love is for her parents, but as soon as she falls in love with Romeo, she becomes headstrong and determined towards her parents. Before she meets Romeo she is willing to marry Paris because it is what her parents want: ‘Ill look to like, if looking liking move. But no more deep can I endart mine eye Than your consent gives strength to make it fly’ However when she falls in love with Romeo she is prepared to stand up to her parents even if it means being disowned. This shows that Juliet is also affected by love. She realises that it is going to be very difficult loving Romeo because of the fact that he is a Montague, but she is powerless to do anything about it: ‘My only love sprung from my only hate, Too early seen unknown, and known too late! Prodigious birth of love it is to me, That I must love a loathed enemy. ‘ In the love scenes between Romeo and Juliet the whole language becomes more eloquent. At one point Romeo is lost for words and Shakespeare puts this across by leaving the last four syllables on the line empty, so as to create the feeling of silence and words unsaid: ‘It is my lady, O it is my love. O that she knew she were. ‘ In conclusion, the main theme of the play is love, but all the characters view it’s importance and meaning differently. It is obvious to anyone that Romeo and Juliet feel that love is the most important thing in their lives, as they are prepared and do die for it. However every character treats love in a different way. Benvolio for example cares more about his friendships than romantic love and shows no desire for a romantic relationship in the play. Mercutio treats love as a game and as he has never experienced true love, he enjoys mocking other people’s experience of love. The parents of the two lovers care a lot about their love for their children, but this parental love is treated differently by each set of parents. Capulet for example, wants the best for Juliet, but is also conscious of the family name while Lady Montague actually dies of grief for her son when he is banished. The nurse loves Juliet as if she was her daughter up to a point, but is not prepared to stick by her when she is in trouble. Through these characters and their presentation of the many meanings of love, Shakespeare illustrates that love has many aspects.

Final Paper on Christian Stewardship and Sustainability Essay

Final Paper on Christian Stewardship and Sustainability - Essay Example The property that Christians handle includes their bodies, animals, plants, and the environment such as water and the air in the atmosphere (Lowenthal 29). The most recent concept of stewardship on matters of Christianity was on the issue of the responsibility human beings had especially when handling their environment or Earth itself as a whole (Albers 196). On ecological bases Christian stewardship takes up another definition. In this field, stewardship is referred to as the conviction that every grace or gift of nature comes from God and human beings are the stewards and trustees of the marvelous gifts (White 35). Christians are urged to appreciate and respect the theological importance of earth by practicing ecological stewardship deeds that are meant to protect both earth and the resources that it possesses. The unique gifts of creation were not created only for human use, but they also have their own integrity, value and dignity. The aspect of ecological stewardship dates way back to the creation story. In the story, God gave mankind dominion over all his creations (Mumford 65). Sadly human beings have misinterpreted the mandate and have incalculably abused and exploited nature. Sustainability on an ecological base refers to the response made to tackle the call made on ecological conversion (Marsh 30). The sustainability of ecological systems is achieved by informing the community and individuals on the significance of the environment. The actions of individuals should be mindful about matters of global equity and the generations that will succeed them (Marsh 36). The community should also portray attributes such as responsibility, care and respect when handling the environment .Sustainability of the ecology also requires evaluation of scientific developments and balanced judgments on the impact the environment may have in the future; especially on social matters as speculated by catholic teachings. Christian stewardship

Ghandis Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ghandis Ethics - Research Paper Example He then went to South Africa to help with a court case. In South Africa, Gandhi became part of campaigns to end injustices against his countrymen and women in the region, who were discriminated against both by the colonial masters and by the Boers, the first Dutch inhabitants of the southern African region. Although his stay in South Africa was expected to last for a year, he eventually remained in the country until 1914 with his family. Gandhi is credited with the founding of the Natal Indian Congress, an organization which laboured to improve the welfare of Indians. He led an Indian medical force that fought alongside the British troops in the Boer War (1899-1901), which resulted in the British control over the remaining autonomous Boer regions (Dutta, 2010). After the conflict, his image as a trusted leader grew. Gandhi became insistent on his individual values and ethics, observing sexual abstinence, rejecting modern equipment, and expanding a "soul- force† or Satyagraha (S udhir, 2012). The main idea was peaceful resistance, usually referred to as â€Å"civil-disobedience† that he led his followers to embark on to the force the white minority rule in South Africa into submission. The group’s readiness to withstand punishment and incarceration earned him great admiration from oppressed groups in South Africa and in his native country India. His efforts eventually earned his people freedom from the rulers. By the time Gandhi departed from South Africa in 1914 for India, he had cut a niche for himself as a â€Å"saint†: people referred to him as a "Mahatma" meaning "great soul" (Dutta, 2010). Dutta (2010) has noted that at this juncture, Gandhi’s support for the British Empire was still intact, but when the white regime trampled on Indian civil freedoms in the aftermath of World War I, Gandhi embarked on nonviolent protests to reclaim it. The Amritsar Massacre, in which colonial forces killed peaceful Indian masses protesting against unfair rule, sent a chilling message to Gandhi and his native Indians on the urgency to pursue independence, and in the beginning of 1920s he organized extensive crusades of civil disobedience that brought government business in the expansive Indian region to a stand-still. The administration responded by jailing him for two years until 1924 (Dutta, 2010; Sudhir, 2012). After his freedom, Gandhi abandoned political struggle for some time and instead preferred to visit different parts of the country, interacting with peasants. Six years later, Gandhi voiced the strongest quest yet, for the country’s independence through his â€Å"Declaration of Independence of India.† He then followed it with the Salt March in mass protests against the Empire’s control of salt. The Gandhi’s move sparked-off cases of civil insubordination across India, prompting the colonial masters to convene a Round-Table meeting with Gandhi in London to discuss the issues. Althou gh Gandhi was treated to a warm reception in London, the main agenda of the Conference was unfavourable to him; discussions about how India would handle its Muslim minority groups made Gandhi to adopt a low-profile on public policy debates for the second time (Dutta, 2010). Sudhir (2012) has noted that Gandhi’s efforts were attributed to the subsequent major step toward India’

Financial Management in Nonprofit Organizations Essay - 3

Financial Management in Nonprofit Organizations - Essay Example Another important difference in the financial management of the two types of organizations is the constraint of non distribution. Nonprofit organizations cannot distribute the profit generated to the owners. Nonprofit organizations do not have any owners. Thus the people who fund the organizations do not necessarily gain any kind of control over the firm. The nonprofit organizations have board just like profit making organizations. Although there is one major difference, that the boards of the nonprofit organizations are self appointed. Thus the board members are not accountable to the shareholders. There is considerable debate in these two matters, one is the bringing in accountability in the actions of the board members and other one is granting the investors with the rights to control the firm. It is advisable that the board members be held accountable for the actions taken, since this will help to bring in controllability and responsibility in the actions. The second recommendati on is to grant the investors who provide the firm with specific and important investments, the right to control the firm to some extent. Introduction The mode of operations for a nonprofit organization is markedly different than that of a profit making organization. ... he topics which are chosen for further discussion are difference in the sources of fund, difference in the use of debt, difference in the evaluation of the performance and the difference in the mechanism of governance in the nonprofits. Sources of fund In case of debt financing a nonprofit organization organization has options to raise funds from grants, debts, overdraft and line of credit. Whereas an organization that works for the generation of profit are allowed to raise funds from the operations and financial capital markets. The concept is very simple, the net income is income left after deducting all kind of expenses from the total revenue is utilized in two ways, either it is given away to the investors or is utilized for the purpose of the business (Stephen, 2012). A nonprofit organization organization can only retain the profit for its business purposes and cannot distribute profit to the equity holders. Thus it is not able to finance using equity shares and thus it is barre d from raising money from the capital market. Unlike a FP organization, a nonprofit organization organization sets short term goals and objectives. This is the same reason for which the debts are used in a different way in both the organizations. A for profit organization may use short term debt for both long term as well as short term purposes. For example the for profit organization which is in need of $ 10 million, can resort to short term financing of $ 2.5 million in four equal installments (Stigler, 2011). The cost of financing through such short term borrowing will be considerably more, producing a debt burden over the organization. For profit organization can still manage to pay for the interest as well as the principal due to the fact that they enjoy a steady flow of cash

Why slavery developed through law and race-based issues Essay

Why slavery developed through law and race-based issues - Essay Example They had the right to earn and keep their wages. Slavery had no legal structure in the colonies. Slaves had legitimate marriages, adopted Christianity and were part of the military. These slaves negotiated for greater freedom. The Dutch West India Company gave them ‘half freedom,’ under which they could live on ‘free negro lots,’ farm their own land and pay a tribute to the company. The company retained the right to their services when necessary. Africans in New Amsterdam were now a mixture of slaves, half-free and free men. Slavery now developed in the British colonies. The tobacco country in Chesapeake, Virginia and Maryland was in need of cheap labor in the early 1600’s. This led the British in these colonies to adopt the indentured labor system. Indentured labor made tobacco the colonys most profitable export. Both white and African indentured labor were hired for a prescribed period, had no rights, were treated badly and could become free at the end of the indenture. Initially, they were treated equally. 1640 was a turning point at which indentured Africans began to be treated worse than indentured whites. Race began to assume increased significance. Indentured African slaves who attain freedom were not treated on par with free whites. The nonracial-specific system of indentured servitude that defined colonial labor in its earliest years came to an end. By 1665, Virginia, New York and Maryland legalized slavery by law and custom. All the British colonies became slave societies. All children of indentured women became slaves by law. As Virginia planters perceived the advantages of race slavery in expanding their tobacco holdings, they introduced laws in 1691 forbidding free blacks from living in certain counties. African-Americans were denied education, freedom of movement and the right to hold property. The indentured Africans’ avenues to freedom and recourse to law were progressively shut

The Undermining Of Nationalism By Globalization Essay

The Undermining Of Nationalism By Globalization - Essay Example Since nationalism focuses on the patriotic feeling, globalization does not have any such attachments so to speak (Taylor 2002). The element of a proper national identity seems amiss when one discusses the finer aspects related to globalization, as this has added to the internationalization of individuals, companies, and events in entirety. There is a great deal of learning at hand with regards to nationalism and globalization which will be discerned and discussed in the context of this paper. Nationalism is a combination of the national rights that an individual has for his own nation. But globalization does not agree with the same premise. Therefore nationalism has more relation with the nationalistic stance as compared to the globalization debate. In some viewpoints, nationalism goes one step ahead of globalization and hurts its cause. Therefore it would not be wrong to suggest here that the nationalism regimes get seriously undermined by the globalization approaches that are undertaken every now and then. The companies have also held on to this belief for a long time now, especially with the advent of the globalization realms which have shaped up the world, and have played their vital role at changing perspectives. Since individuals and corporations have long relied on the extent and positives attached to the phenomenon of nationalism, globalization has taken a nosedive especially within the quarters of the patriotic feelings and sentiments (Moeller 2006). However this cannot be said with reference to the business conglomerates, multinational organizations and business corporations of repute who have for long believed in the premise of going global and staying within the national domains as well. There are some hindrances in terms of studying the globalization ranks but one thing which assures the debate is that globalization is here to stay as it brings quite a few positives which the phenomenon of nationalism has been unable to inculcate or provide in the recent past. Nationalism can be taken control over yet globalization remains an entity which is still unexplored and there is much to learn in the coming days (Guibernau 1996). Globalization is a very strong and mighty phenomenon which can easily absorb the nationalism concept yet nationalism keeps on coming back to haunt the basis of globalization in the current times.

The Relevance of CD Sleeve Design in Todays Market Essay

The Relevance of CD Sleeve Design in Todays Market - Essay Example The focus of this paper is to explore the role of the CD cover in today’s emerging market of instant access to music Vis a Vis the internet. Virtually any song by any artist can be downloaded to our computer in a matter of minutes. We will discuss the future of the CD cover in relation to this emerging trend. Like the CD replaced the vinyl record album, will MP3s replace the necessity for CDs and their artwork? However, before we look to the future of this art form, we need to first understand its past Section one of the paper will look at the history of the album cover and how it evolved to the artwork of the CD cover from inception to current use. The purpose of the cover will be discussed. Next we will discuss the relevance of the cover and lastly the outlook for its future. As we make our journey from the past to tomorrow visual representation will be used. It is true what they say at times, â€Å"A picture speaks a thousand words.† Album covers are indelible symbols of what can happen when the boundless creative forces and extravagant minds of the world’s most successful artists and musicians collide. When you add an infusion of corporate label politics plus a significant historical context, the results are anything but ordinary. Columbia Records came into existence in 1939. It was there that a fledgling graphic designer by the name of Alex Steinweiss developed an idea that would revolutionize the music market and change forever how we viewed the modern phonographic album.

Mix strategy for Mobile Services Provider Vodafone Essay - 8

Mix strategy for Mobile Services Provider Vodafone - Essay Example To achieve this objective this report first examines the profile of the companies. A comparative analysis is then conducted, and at the end, a few recommendations are offered. Â  Vodafone is the largest telecommunications company, and its headquarters are located in Newbury, England. The company was formed in 1982 but has since established itself as a worldwide brand. The company is a joint venture between Racial Electronics and Millicom and the Hambros technology. In the UK, the aim of the company is to maintain market leadership by developing new products and services. However, in the recent past, the company has been facing huge competition from the new products in the market targeting the young population. To compete effectively, the company is continually updating the range of phones and services. In addition, the company is constantly, communicating with its customers about the benefits of the available products. To improve the visibility of its brand, the company has formed a commercial alliance with the Manchester United club (Heuer 2010, p.56). In Europe, the company has expanded its influence through the acquisition of partner networks. Just to illustrate, on December 3rd, 2002, the company entered into the Estonian market by signing a Partner Network Agreement with Radiolinja (Grant 2010, p.89).

Hydrochloric acid Essay Example for Free

Hydrochloric acid Essay Introduction: We are trying to find out how the rate of reaction is affected by the concentration of one of the reactants. We are investigating this with sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid. We will use different strengths of HCI acid and record the results. Method:   Collect the apparatus.   Make up different concentrations of hydrochloric acid using table 1.   Measure 20cm3 of sodium thiosulphate and pour into conical flask   Draw X on paper and place under conical flask. Carefully pour hydrochloric acid into burette using funnel.    Remove funnel. Turn the tap on the burette and start the stop-clock   Stop the clock when the X is no longer visible.   Record the results and repeat x5. Repeat for 0. 5m and 1. 0m. How to make up the different concentrations of hydrochloric acid. Apparatus Conical flask 6 beakers Clamp stand Burette Stop clocks Sodium Thiosulphate Different concentrations of HCI acid. Table 2 Concentration of acid (M) Volume of water (ml) Volume of HCI acid (ml)0 What is a reaction? A reaction occurs when two reactants successfully react together to form a new product. This is called the collision theory. There is many different ways to measure the rate of reaction.   These include: Measuring the amount of gas produced   Weighing before and after the experiment Draw an X on a piece of paper and measure how long it takes for the substance to turn cloudy enough so that the X is no longer visible   Using sensors to detect the loss of the starting material or the formation of the product Variables: Temperature: If the temperature is high, the particles have more energy. As a result of them having more energy they move a lot faster. Therefore the particles collide a lot faster increasing the rate of reaction and making a new product. Examples of reactions: An example of a reaction is when water and iron combine together to form iron oxide (H2O) (Fe 3) (Fe2 O3) Another example of a reaction is when zinc and oxygen combine together to form zinc oxide (Zn) (O2) (Zn O2) Concentration: If the concentration is greater so to is the number of particles. When you increase the number of particles you increase the chance of a collision, and the chance of them reacting to form a new product. Surface area: The smaller the particles the greater the surface area. Therefore there is a greater chance of them colliding as there is more area for them to hit off. Therefore the smaller the particles the greater the rate of reaction. Catalyst: A catalyst is a substance, which speeds up the rate of a reaction, without being used up itself. Catalysts work better when the particles are smaller because the surface area is greater. Prediction: I think that the high the concentration the faster the rate of reaction. This is because there is more H+ ions so the higher the chance of colliding. Therefore the quicker the reaction. Diagram These are the results I recorded: Concentration of acid (M)   Conclusion: From my results I can conclude that concentration does affect the rate dramatically. For example if we compare strongest strength of acid (1 molar) to the weakest (0.2 molar), there is a difference of nearly 14 seconds between the averages. This is because in the 0. 2 molar acid there is only a small amount of h+ ions where as in the 1 molar acid there is a lot more. Therefore the collisions occur a lot faster and the rate of reaction is increased as illustrated in the diagram above. Science coursework Stephen bannon Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.

HUM History and Methods of Science Essay Example for Free

HUM History and Methods of Science Essay Social views and culture denoted scientist, in general, as individuals who exist different from the common society. This idea is mainly because scientists live with a strong conviction to their field and their reasoning is widely based on the empirical side of the environment they lived in. Because of this, scientist’ cultures and lifestyles are significantly affected with their governing philosophies and scientific principles. The aspect of communication is also included in the human cultures and philosophies that are affected by the conviction in the scientific world. In this idea, scientists do tend to communicate with their colleagues in a manner, which is significant based on their scientific principles. There communication is widely empirical in nature that they tend to express themselves and reason out through proving the validity of their statement in an empirical nature. Scientist’s opinions and ideas are always supported with factual and scientific proofs whenever they share it with their colleagues. Through this manner, scientist can and are ready to defend the validity of their statements whenever they communicate with their fellow scientist as they are all governed by their scientific principles and philosophies. Another common trend in the communication aspects of the scientist is that they tend to relate each of their opinions and ideas to other scientific concepts or factual events and phenomenon. This is probably habitual in nature, as their profession requires them to be open-minded and critical in their field. Their communication aspect is often critical and analytic in nature whenever they state something or dispute an idea. Hus, from this concepts and ideas, one can actually see that profession indeed such as the field of science can affect the human culture and personal behavior of an individual as with the case of the society of scientist. In this concept, the behavior of scientist towards their profession becomes habitual in nature thus affecting their innate and personal communication aspect in general.

Howard Gardner’s Theory of Intelligence Analysis

Howard Gardner’s Theory of Intelligence Analysis Sophia Ashraf Individual Differences Essay Describe and evaluate the usefulness of Howard Gardner’s theory of intelligence? Intelligence is a highly significant and contested area within psychology. It is an elusive, multi-faceted ability that has close connections with Cognitive Psychology. It is characterised by inter-individual variation and is measured using intelligence tests. Some definitions of intelligence include: the ability to solve problems, retain information and the possession of numerous skills and talents. Howard Gardner, the founder of multiple intelligence theory defines intelligence as ‘a biopsychological potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture’ (Gross, 2010: 645). This definition implies intelligence is a social construction as its definition lies upon the values of a society (Mahoney, 2011). Howard Gardner was born in Pennsylvania in 1943. He has completed studies in neuropsychology and developmental psychology at Harvard University, where he is currently a professor in Cognition and Education. He is also a senior director of the human cognition research group named Harvard Project Zero, and has published several books including Frames of Minds (1953) and ‘The Art and Science of Changing our own and other People’s Minds’ (2004). Gardner was influenced by psychologist Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, Jerome Bruner and Jean Piaget. His theory draws on his knowledge and findings from evolutionary biology, anthropology, developmental/cognitive psychology, neuropsychology and psychometrics (Garnett, 2005; Maltby et al, 2010). This essay will describe and evaluate the usefulness of Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences in the contemporary world. Howard Gardner asserts intelligence is not fixed at birth. It develops through experience and learning. Each person is born with a wide variety of capabilities that reside in separate sections of the brain. In theory, this means that brain damage in one area will leave other cognitive functions intact. Consequently, intelligence is a computer that works more or less well. Gardner worked as an investigator at the Boston University Aphasia Research Centre. He was interested in human faculties under conditions of brain damage and studied children and brain damaged adults. He examined for behaviours which developed at similar ages, were similarly affected by damage to a particular part of the brain and behaviours that interfered with one other when performing two tasks simultaneously (Cooper, 2002; Gardner, 1999). In regards to intelligence, Gardner acknowledges nature providing us with savants and prodigies. One such extraordinary case study is that of a savant called Leslie Lemke, who was born blind and suffered from both mental retardation and cerebral palsy. Despite his illness, he showed incredible skills in playing the piano. At the age of 18, he could listen to a piece of classical piano music and play it back flawlessly. This evidences Howard Gardner’s views that our intelligences are independent as people with signs of brain damage can have extraordinary profiles of intelligence despite their mental illness (Gregory, 2011) Howard Gardner takes a multidimensional approach to intelligence. He identifies nine distinct faculties. The first two are distinguishable from standard IQ tests. These are linguistic and logical- mathematical intelligence. Gardner’s theory incorporates an additional five which are spatial, musical, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence. After 1996, he added a further two intelligences to his theory. These comprise of naturalist and existentialist intelligence. Firstly, linguistic intelligence is displaying ability in speaking, writing, listening and reading. This intelligence is crucial for us to make sense of the world and learn new languages. Lawyers, writers, poets and teachers all have high linguistic intelligence. Students with high linguistic intelligence learn best by reading, listening to lectures and taking notes. Secondly, logical-mathematical intelligence is associated with high reasoning capabilities and the skill to carry out complex c alculations. Mathematicians, economists and doctors all possess high logical-mathematical intelligence. It is claimed that the western education system is heavily biased in Gardner’s first two intelligences. This means that only students who excel in these subjects will benefit. Moreover, it should be noted that schools now incorporate design technology subjects into their curriculum to cater for students’ needs (Gardner, 1999; Garnett, 2005; Maltby, 2012). Gardner’s next three intelligences are compatible with the arts. The first is musical intelligence which also entails aspects of linguistic intelligence. Musicians, singers and composers have high musical intelligence as they display great sensitivity to sounds and rhythms. The second faculty linked with the arts is bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence, which involves the use of bodily-movements and physiology to solve problems. These people learn best by adopting a hands-on approach. Strong bodily-kinaesthetic individuals might use muscle memory as an aid to learning. Careers suited to this intelligence include dancers, athletics, mechanics and builders. The third intelligence correlated with the arts is spatial intelligence which is the awareness, recognition and manipulation of space. Navigators, artists, surgeons and chess players all have high spatial intelligence. These people have a good sense of direction and hand eye coordination (ibid). Gardner’s sixth faculty is interpersonal intelligence which involves interaction with others, understanding their intentions and motivations and being able to communicate and work effectively as part of a group. Careers linked with this intelligence involve teachers, politicians and social workers. Mahatma Gandhi famously stressed the importance of understanding others. Alternatively, Gardner’s seventh intelligence which is intrapersonal intelligence is to do with self-reflective capacities. This faculty closely mirrors Daniel Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence theory as it places emphasis on understanding our emotions, goals and motivations in order to solve problems. Careers suited to this intelligence include philosophers and psychologists. Gardner’s eighth ability is naturalist intelligence which incorporates displaying sensitivity to the natural world. Careers linked with this ability include farmers, environmentalists and scientists. Charles Darwin, a prominent person declared himself ‘as a born naturalist’ (Gardner, 1999:48). Lastly, Gardner’s ninth intelligence which is known as existentialist intelligence involves displaying concern with ultimate issues in life such as the meaning of life and death plus the fate of both physical and psychological worlds (Gardner, 1999; Garnett, 2005; Maltby, 2012). Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory is based on two fundamental principles. Firstly, intelligences exist as independent entities that may also require collaboration in order to achieve a task. For example, singing and dancing together entails the amalgamation of both musical and bodily-kinaesthetic faculties. Secondly, Gardner states every individual is unique in their levels of ability. There may be two individuals with musical talent but only one can sing whilst, the other is skilful in playing a musical instrument. This proves intelligence is not the same in any two individuals, not even monozygotic twins who share 100% genetic similarity. This proves, we are all intelligent but in different ways as Gardner claims ‘We are not all the same; we do not all have the same kinds of minds and education works most effectively if these differences are taken into account rather than denied or ignored’ (Gardner, 1999: 91). Gardner asserts intelligence cannot be measure d via IQ test. He proposes the need for empirical observations such as observing a music class and argues this would provide a more valid and detailed picture of musical intelligence (Conti, 2008; Gross, 2010). Gardner’s theory has practicalities within educational institutions. This includes primary, secondary, college and university level. His theory makes an invaluable contribution to the education system. It is egalitarian as it takes into account the entire human cognition. Armstrong (2009) cited in Ghamrawi, 2014) argues the theory is productive since it provides multiple approaches to learning which allows teachers to be imaginative as they can draw on a repertoire of activities within the classroom. Therefore, it is beneficial as it will account for students preferential learning styles such as auditory, visual and kinaesthetic. For instance, teachers can integrate linguistic intelligence by making pupils write a story or read poetry. Similarly, teachers can embrace logical-mathematical intelligence by making students solve puzzles and crosswords. Overall, numerous schools have structured their curriculum towards Gardner’s faculties which signals the value of his theor y (Gardner, 1999; Garnett, 2005; Malim and Birch, 1998). The Harvard Project Zero has researched 41 schools in America applying multiple intelligence theory for at least 3 years. Results show 78% of the schools reporting positive test outcomes, with 63% attributing the improvement to practices inspired by Gardner’s theory. Additionally, 78% reported improved performances by students with learning difficulties and 75% credited the increase to multiple intelligence theory. (Gardner, 1999) These figures support the view that multiple intelligence theory is extremely successful within the education system. Meanwhile, the extent to which the findings can be generalised to other schools worldwide is called into question. This is because the research focussed on a small sample of schools in America and used self-report methodology. This may means the findings suffer from social desirability bias as teachers and students may answer in a way that favours the school’s reputation (Garnett, 2005). The theory’s multi-faceted nature is beneficial to students as it helps them master their preferred disciplines for instance, linguistic intelligence for the poet and bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence for the dancer. Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory has also been embraced by institutions such as museums that have practically integrated Gardner’s criteria with visual, spatial and bodily-kinaesthetic activities for students. Gardner’s theory is equally valid within the workplace as all businesses make use of a mixture of multiple intelligences. For instance, businesses that deal with finance and accounting draw on logical-mathematical intelligence. Likewise, entertainment businesses draw on musical intelligences, linguistic and bodily kinaesthetic intelligences. More importantly, Gardner’s theory is applicable with other species and organisms as rodents have strong spatial intelligence whereas, birds possess outstanding musical intelligence. It m ay well be argued that computers too have multiple faculties as they are extremely effective in multitasking (ibid). Nevertheless, Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory is highly controversial. It is criticised for being extremely flexible. This makes it difficult for researchers to construct a single test that will measure and evaluate all nine faculties. For this reason, the theory has little scientific credibility. It may well be argued that Gardner’s musical and bodily-kinaesthetic intelligences are better viewed as talents as they are not needed in adapting to life demands .Additionally, the theory is proven irrelevant in regards to uniform schooling which believes all pupils should be taught the same subjects in the same manner. In regards to the implementation of Gardner’s theory within the education system, it is disapproved for increasing educators’ workload. Ultimately, Gardner’s theory is criticised since it derives from his own intuitions and findings rather than from comprehensive empirical research (Conti, 2008; Gardner, 1999; Ghamrawi, 2014). In comparison to Gardner’s theory, psychologist Charles Spearman’s theory advocates the notion of a general faculty (g). Spearman administered tests to Hampshire schoolchildren on six areas of ability including mathematical ability, ability to follow complex instructions, visualisation, knowledge of vocabulary, matching colours and musical pitch. He invented factor analysis to analyse the scores and concluded one factor called general ability (g) that determined children’s intellectual performance. His results implied that if a child performed above average on one of the tests, it was more likely that they would perform above average on all other tests. The problem with his study is that intelligent students would have been selected. Gardner was sceptic about Spearman’s single faculty. He proposed the existence of numerous intelligences. Nevertheless, Spearman’s view is regarded as both reductionist and deterministic as it reduces intelligence to a single lump (Mahoney, 2011; Maltby et al, 2010). Alternatively, Robert Sternberg a professor at Yale University came up with the triarchic theory of intelligence. He claims certain mental mechanisms are required for intelligent behaviour. His theory deals with three types of intelligence: componential, experiential and contextual intelligence. Componential intelligence consists of mental mechanisms responsible for intelligence behaviour. The first mechanism is meta-components which are responsible for determining the nature of an intellectual problem, selecting a strategy to resolve the problem and making sure the task is completed. Secondly, performance components are the processes actually involved in solving the problem. Thirdly, knowledge- acquisition components are involved in learning new information. Sternberg’s second ability is named experiential intelligence involves the ability to deal effectively with novel tasks from previous experience (Gregory, 2011; Mahoney, 2011; Maltby, 2010). Lastly, Sternberg’s contextual intelligence involves the adaptation, shaping of a current environment and the selection of a new environment. Kline (1991 cited in Mahoney, 2011) criticises Sternberg’s theory for defining intelligence too broadly. His theory raises the question as to whether intelligence is an ability, personality trait or behavioural style. Nevertheless, the theory has real life applications like Gardner’s theory. For example, an employee who convinces their boss to do things differently has used shaping to alter the work environment. Sternberg’s theory is more credible than Gardner’s as he has devised The Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test to validate his theory. Both Sternberg and Gardner agree that intelligence is a complicated phenomenon that cannot be measured by any single intelligence test (Gregory, 2011; Mahoney, 2011; Maltby, 2010). In conclusion, Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences is both highly valued and also contentious within the contemporary world. In relation to his criteria of intelligences, many may argue there are several others intelligences that Gardner has failed to consider for instance cooking intelligence, humour intelligence, spiritual intelligence and many more. Whether researchers consider Gardner’s theory as useful or not depends on their definition and interpretation of intelligence. This will also depend on whether the individual considers intelligence as singular or plural (Gardner, 1999).

The Changes in Frank and Rita in Act Two :: Educating Rita Social Class Literature Essays

The Changes in Frank and Rita in Act Two How does Russell present the changes in Frank and Rita in act 2, scenes 2-6? Rita before: â€Å"Its that stupid bleed’n handle on that door, you wanna get it fixed.† Rita now: â€Å"Frank, you’re not in any fit state for a tutorial† Frank before: â€Å"It’s supposed to embrace a more comprehensive studentship.† Frank now: â€Å"Pissed? I was glorious! I fell off the rostrum twice.† As well as these changes, I will illustrate many other dramatic changes and role reversals that have taken place between the characters of Rita and Frank in the last few scenes of the play. Firstly with the stage direction â€Å"RITA, WHO IS SITTING COMFORTABLY IN THE ARMCHAIR.† Russell has shown us that Rita is now the educated woman she first set out to be. This is clearly portrayed with the word â€Å"ARMCHAIR† as this object symbolises cleverness itself, as well as this by Rita being â€Å"COMFORTABLE† in this environment it shows the audience that Rita has settled into her new life style. Because of this they would be impressed, as Rita has gone from a common uneducated person, to a highly educated and a very unique human being. Russell's message here to us all is that you can achieve many things if you just put your mind to it. Also with Frank who is outside his own room, Russell shows him as a very drunk, vulgar individual, â€Å"Sod them, no fuck them fuck them eh Rita.† Firstly this shows the main role reversal of Rita and Frank. Rita has become a highly educated character while Frank has become a common abusive yob. So by this the audience would be disappointed in Frank who is a professor that is thought upon as polite, well mannered and gracious, this is a classic stereotype. Russell also suggests that because of this certain craves in life can change your attitude (e.g. alcohol) and make you commit things you may regret. As well as this, with the quote â€Å"You didn’t tell me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Russell presents Frank as an obsessed lover. Which is a completely different register instead of the expected teacher pupil register. Also as well as being obsessed, it shows the audience that he wants to be with her always and seems to never want her out of his sight. The audience would feel uncomfortable as a teacher is so concerned by a pupil’s social life. So by this I imagine that Russell is suggesting that fondness for someone can come in many forms that are not thought upon at first. To add to this, Frank uses this following quote after has offered his The Changes in Frank and Rita in Act Two :: Educating Rita Social Class Literature Essays The Changes in Frank and Rita in Act Two How does Russell present the changes in Frank and Rita in act 2, scenes 2-6? Rita before: â€Å"Its that stupid bleed’n handle on that door, you wanna get it fixed.† Rita now: â€Å"Frank, you’re not in any fit state for a tutorial† Frank before: â€Å"It’s supposed to embrace a more comprehensive studentship.† Frank now: â€Å"Pissed? I was glorious! I fell off the rostrum twice.† As well as these changes, I will illustrate many other dramatic changes and role reversals that have taken place between the characters of Rita and Frank in the last few scenes of the play. Firstly with the stage direction â€Å"RITA, WHO IS SITTING COMFORTABLY IN THE ARMCHAIR.† Russell has shown us that Rita is now the educated woman she first set out to be. This is clearly portrayed with the word â€Å"ARMCHAIR† as this object symbolises cleverness itself, as well as this by Rita being â€Å"COMFORTABLE† in this environment it shows the audience that Rita has settled into her new life style. Because of this they would be impressed, as Rita has gone from a common uneducated person, to a highly educated and a very unique human being. Russell's message here to us all is that you can achieve many things if you just put your mind to it. Also with Frank who is outside his own room, Russell shows him as a very drunk, vulgar individual, â€Å"Sod them, no fuck them fuck them eh Rita.† Firstly this shows the main role reversal of Rita and Frank. Rita has become a highly educated character while Frank has become a common abusive yob. So by this the audience would be disappointed in Frank who is a professor that is thought upon as polite, well mannered and gracious, this is a classic stereotype. Russell also suggests that because of this certain craves in life can change your attitude (e.g. alcohol) and make you commit things you may regret. As well as this, with the quote â€Å"You didn’t tell me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Russell presents Frank as an obsessed lover. Which is a completely different register instead of the expected teacher pupil register. Also as well as being obsessed, it shows the audience that he wants to be with her always and seems to never want her out of his sight. The audience would feel uncomfortable as a teacher is so concerned by a pupil’s social life. So by this I imagine that Russell is suggesting that fondness for someone can come in many forms that are not thought upon at first. To add to this, Frank uses this following quote after has offered his

Good Earth :: essays research papers

In the book The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck, the fall of the House of Hwang and the rise of the Wang family was shown. The story completed a â€Å"circle of life†, with Wang being the center of the circle. While Wang at first was intimidated, he also looked down on the House of Hwang, he soon found that when his family became rich, his house fell onto some of the same â€Å"curses†. In both houses, a lack of love for the land was highly noticeable (except for Wang Lung), opium was used, slaves were bought and sold even though Wang first opposed slaves, and the future heirs wished to sell the land for money but at the same time lose their support for if the house should fall.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the House of Hwang was in power, Wang noticed how they had a complete lack of love for the earth. They had to constantly sell pieces of land to pay their immediate debts, but by doing this they gave away their support if a dark time should fall upon the house. Wang knew that this would be the downfall of the house, so he bought the land from the house. After the House of Hwang fell, the House of Wang came to power. Wang kept in mind his whole life that without the good earth, he was nothing. Wang worried when he noticed that his sons lacked his love for the land. Wang was disturbed to think that when he passed away his sons would sell the land, and his family would succumb to the same fate of the Hwang house; as shown on page 37 when Wang said, â€Å"Sell their land!...Then indeed are they growing poor. Land is one’s flesh and blood†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Opium usage was a major role in the downfall of the Hwang house. The Old Mistress was heavily addicted to the drug, and in her desire for the drug, she drove her house â€Å"into the ground†. On page 39, Wang was paying the Gate Keeper for the land he was purchasing and the Gate Keeper said â€Å"Here is enough for a few days of opium for the old lady, at any rate†. For the House of Wang, opium became almost a relief for Wang when he devised his plan to rid his family of his Uncle and his wife. He could not cast out his Uncle because he was providing protection from marauders. Keeping this in mind, Wang then gave his Uncle and the Uncle’s wife some opium hoping that they would Good Earth :: essays research papers In the book The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck, the fall of the House of Hwang and the rise of the Wang family was shown. The story completed a â€Å"circle of life†, with Wang being the center of the circle. While Wang at first was intimidated, he also looked down on the House of Hwang, he soon found that when his family became rich, his house fell onto some of the same â€Å"curses†. In both houses, a lack of love for the land was highly noticeable (except for Wang Lung), opium was used, slaves were bought and sold even though Wang first opposed slaves, and the future heirs wished to sell the land for money but at the same time lose their support for if the house should fall.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the House of Hwang was in power, Wang noticed how they had a complete lack of love for the earth. They had to constantly sell pieces of land to pay their immediate debts, but by doing this they gave away their support if a dark time should fall upon the house. Wang knew that this would be the downfall of the house, so he bought the land from the house. After the House of Hwang fell, the House of Wang came to power. Wang kept in mind his whole life that without the good earth, he was nothing. Wang worried when he noticed that his sons lacked his love for the land. Wang was disturbed to think that when he passed away his sons would sell the land, and his family would succumb to the same fate of the Hwang house; as shown on page 37 when Wang said, â€Å"Sell their land!...Then indeed are they growing poor. Land is one’s flesh and blood†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Opium usage was a major role in the downfall of the Hwang house. The Old Mistress was heavily addicted to the drug, and in her desire for the drug, she drove her house â€Å"into the ground†. On page 39, Wang was paying the Gate Keeper for the land he was purchasing and the Gate Keeper said â€Å"Here is enough for a few days of opium for the old lady, at any rate†. For the House of Wang, opium became almost a relief for Wang when he devised his plan to rid his family of his Uncle and his wife. He could not cast out his Uncle because he was providing protection from marauders. Keeping this in mind, Wang then gave his Uncle and the Uncle’s wife some opium hoping that they would

The Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

'Lord of the Flies Creative Essay';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many lessons of human nature to be learned from the novel Lord of the Flies; the book explores many aspects of human nature and society as a whole. We know this is evident because the book stirs a variety of human emotions for the reader. The implications of Lord of the Flies go far beyond these few small children being abandoned on a dessert island, it discovers the defects of the mind and our human nature in order to explain our actions in society. Human fear stems from the unknown, which leads to terror and often irrational behavior; just as the children on the island experienced fear, the island became an evil place as if 'a beast ' had been unleashed. We later learn that the fear of the unknown causes humans to release their own devils from within. In effect, their world isn't so different from the one we live in now.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I find it ironic that the very person who interrupted the children's sick man-hunt of Ralph, will take the children to his ship, which will then hunt the enemy in the very same fashion. Society is no better than the children who are stuck on the island and showing their violent attributes. However, these children were saved, only to be exposed to the exact same situation on a greater level. The entire time the boys were stuck on that terrifying island they were wishing for an adult to come and release them from it. Who then will rescue this individual and save him from the terrors of the world?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is also a political system on the island just as there is in our society. Ralph is the children's elected representative. He appoints hunters (or an army in our case) and a leader to this group on the island. He also appoints people to look after the fire, people to get water, to get food and make shelters (political heads). They also have an age of importance on the island, they can distinguish a minor from their form of an adult just like us. In this way the island is run in an orderly fashion. However, as in most political systems there are people who will oppose the decisions made by their representative. Jack is this leader of anarchy on the island. He drives this toward Ralph like people in society would protest or go on strike.

Greece Crisis: Analysis, Learnings and Takeaways Essay

Greek Crisis: Background Through this write up, we are trying to explain the circumstances which led to the sovereign debt crisis in Greece. European Union was established in the year 1992 through the Maastricht treaty. The purpose of formation was to create something powerful on the lines of the USA, The United States of Europe. Also, the idea was to establish and maintain peace in the turbulent regions. In the year 1999, Euro zone was formed and a common currency, Euro, came into being. Countries set aside the currencies they each were using previously and instead dealt themselves Euros. Greece undertook the same operation. It relinquished its drachmas and received an equivalent amount of Euros. Henceforth Greek firms and Greek citizens could buy goods and services anywhere in the Euro zone with their Euros. Greece has always been an overspending economy. It’s a leisure driven economy where the government always tends to spend more than its means. This trend went to a new level when the Greek government got access to cheap and easier financing. Due to the introduction of the common currency, they could borrow as easily as a strongly backed Germany. The government previously used to monetise its deficit by printing currency. Since the choice of printing currency was no longer available due to the introduction of the monetary union, the government now resorted to borrowing lavishly to meet its deficit. The debt to GDP ratio also increased during the period. During 2004-2009, output in the Greek economy increased in nominal terms by 40%, while central government primary expenditures increased by 87% against an increase of only 31% in tax revenues. Public sector wages rose by over 50% between 1999 and 2007. Greece lived under the helm of a welfare state, with excessive spending on wages and early retirement benefits. Greek Crisis: Consequences of sub-prime Tourism and shipping are the two biggest revenue generators for the Greek economy. Both the sectors were badly hit when the sub-prime crisis wrecked global economy. There was a significant drop in the government revenue due to the shrinking of earnings from these sectors. Also, tax evasion, which was always an area of concern for the country, took full shape during this period. This led to high fiscal deficit and even higher levels of debt. In October 2009, Fitch downgraded the sovereign debt of Greece to BBB+. This lead to widening of bond yield spreads and CDS spreads. In April 2010, Greek debt was further downgraded to junk status, which effectively closed the availability of capital market financing to the country. This all was a part of a large vicious cycle. Poor ratings and excessive debt led to higher yields. Tax revenues fall due to tax evasion and GDP shrinkage. This led to higher deficit which warranted borrowing more to finance the deficit, which led to even higher cost of debt. Greek Crisis: Troika steps in The European Commission, The European Central Bank and IMF are called the troika, the three pillars on which the Greek and Euro zone hopes are resting. Amidst concerns that Greece will default on its payments and might exit the Euro zone, the troika steeped in to bail out the country. Phases of bailouts were given, based on the following measures: Austerity measures to restore fiscal balance Privatisation of government assets worth â‚ ¬50bn by the end of 2015 Structural reforms to improve growth prospects Also, debt restructuring was carried out in Greece as part of the second bailout plan. Under this, private creditors holding Greek govt. bonds were to accept lower interest rates and a 53.5% face value loss. This led to a fall in the forecasted Debt t o GDP ratio of 198% in 2012 to around 160% in the same period. The aim is to reduce the ratio to 120% by 2020. From 2012-14, troika is to cover all Greek financial needs through restructuring and bailout packages. From 2015-20, financial needs are to be met partly by capital markets and partly by privatization of govt. Assets. In May 2012, a 2 year extension was demanded till 2017 to return to self financed situation. 2 key bills were passed in the Greek Parliament pertaining to this in the last week – ‘Labour market reform’ and ‘Midterm fiscal plan 2013-16’. Should Greece leave the Euro Area? Is a fiscally-challenged country likely to want to leave the Euro Area? The brief answer is no – quite the contrary: a fiscally weak country is better off in the Euro Area than outside it. The only argument for leaving the Euro Area is that the introduction of a new national currency (New Drachma, say) would lead to an immediate sharp nominal and real depreciation of the new currency and a gain in competitiveness, which would be most welcome. It also would not last. The key rigidities in small open economies like Greece are real rigidities, not persistent Keynesian nominal rigidities, which are necessary for a depreciation or devaluation of the nominal exchange rate to have a material and durable impact on real competitiveness. Unless the balance of economic and political power is changed fundamentally, a depreciation of the nominal exchange rate would soon lead to adjustments of domestic costs and prices that would restore the old uncompetitive real equilibrium. All other arg uments either favour staying in for a fiscally weak country or are neutral. As regards the existing stock of sovereign debt, in or out makes no difference. Re-denominating the old euro-denominated debt in New Drachma would be an act of default. A country might as well stay in the Euro Area and default on the euro-denominated debt. As regards new government borrowing, issuing New Drachma denominated debt would be more costly (because an exchange risk premium would be added to the sovereign risk premium) than new borrowing using euro-denominated debt as part of the Euro Area. There would be massive balance sheet disruption for banks, other financial institutions and other corporate with large balance sheets, as the existing stock of assets and liabilities would remain euro denominated but there would no longer be a euro lender of last resort. It may be possible for contract and securities internal to Greece, that is entered into or issued under Greek jurisdiction alone, to be redenominated in New Drachma, but cross-border contracts and securities issued in other jurisdictions could not be redenominated that way without this constituting a n act of default. There would be no fiscal-financial support from other Euro Area member states should a country leave the Euro Area. Leaving the Euro Area means leaving the EU. There is no such thing as a former Euro Area member that continues as an EU member. A current EA member wishing to leave the EA but continue as an EU member would have to leave both the Euro Area and the EU and then re-apply for EU membership. Under the Lisbon Treaty, there now is a procedure for leaving the EU. A country cannot be expelled from the Euro Area, or from the EU. The only real threat of the Euro Area breaking up comes from the possibility that one or more of the fiscally strongest and more competitive members (Germany) could decide to leave the Euro Area (and the EU), because of a fear of becoming the bailer-out of first resort for all would-be fiscally-insolvent Euro Area member states. The changing of the generations in Germany from Kohl to Schrà ¶der and then to Merkel has weakened the traditional umbilical link of Germany, and especially Germany’s political class, to the EU and the Euro Area, but not (yet) to the point that one can reasonably envisage Germany leaving the Euro Area and the EU. Alternatives * Wage increase, higher inflation in Germany Wage increase in Germany would fuel inflation in Germany that will lead to increase in cost of goods sold in the economy. This would accelerate industry expansion to other territories especially like Greece, Spain. Since Greece’s main economy driver has been the tourism industry and that is also seasonal. * Common Eurobonds Instead of having separate government bonds, common Euro bonds should be issued. This would never lead to the chain reaction that was led by the Greek government bonds. * Greece or other weaker nations leaving Euro zone Greece and other weaker nations should leave Euro Zone and back to their respective currencies. This would help adjust their monetary policy with their fiscal policy. * Fiscal Integration One of the major development areas is increased European integration giving a central body increased control over the budgets of member states Key Learnings * LESSON 1: Financial markets are prone to exaggerations, which amplify further the pro-cyclicality inherent in asset valuations In times of recession, when the degree of risk aversion increases and GDP growth contracts, asset prices tend to decline and risk spreads rise. Also during this period, the standard pattern of pro-cyclicality may be amplified by market exaggerations: investors tend to over-price certain types of risk and thus under-price the respective financial assets. Exaggerated pro-cyclicality of this type has hit the sovereign bond market during the crisis. Furthermore, in particular through the use of sovereign bonds as collateral, it has exerted adverse effects on other segments of financial markets, such as the funding markets for financial institutions. There are many ways to mitigate this pro-cyclicality of government bond markets. One way is to reduce the reliance of the financial, regulatory and supervisory framework on credit ratings * LESSON 2: Fiscal Policy Union along with Monetary Policy Union is important in order to keep countries with common currency on the same page Since Euro was a common currency, Euro Currency Board took charge of the common monetary policy for the nations, but the fiscal policies differed in each country, leading to a widening gap between each country’s financial statuses. One way to curb this problem is to facilitate fiscal integration of the organizations. This would ensure that no country is not overspending and will have limited budget to workout. * LESSON 3: Welfare of the masses is not in Transfer Payments but in Investment and employment creation in the country Austerity measures would only help in curtailing the massive expenditures done on Social welfare schemes such unemployment allowances. Nations should focus on increasing the investment in the nation and looking for opportunities, where it can generate employment for its masses. This would lead to long-term economic stability in the nation. Takeaways for India * While the Indian economy needs fund flows from different sources, it should exercise special caution while depending on the overseas debt India must not allow its public debt to increase any further, especially from the external sources which may play havoc with the country’s debt situation amidst increasing volatility rupee’s foreign exchange rate * India must focus on curtailing its fiscal deficit and should be very cautious in opening up its market and allowing foreigners to invest in government securities Per capita public debt is higher than the growth in per capita income, implying that the population borrowings are increasing at a much faster pace than their earnings. Hence population is being burdened with higher amounts of public debt. Per capita income and per capita debt both have increased over the years. While per-capita income increased from Rs. 26,015 in 2005-06 to Rs. 38,005 in 2011-12 the per capita debt increased from Rs. 13,276.87 in 2005-06 to Rs. 27,044.22 in 2011-12 * Interest Payments are absorbing about one-third of Central Government’s revenue, leading to increase in non-plan expenditure. Interest payments is the fact that not only are interest payment a large contributor to the non-plan expenditure but a large part of the total revenue receipts of the Central Government are also being used to finance them and raising funds from overseas as debt at present times poses several risks, the main problem being extra burden on redemption because of lowering of the rupee value.

Overview Of The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry Economics Essay

Indian Pharmaceutical Industry The pharmaceutical industry in India is among the most extremely organized sectors. This industry plays an of import function in advancing and prolonging development in the field of planetary medical specialty. Due to the presence of low cost fabrication installations, educated and skilled work force and inexpensive labour force among others, the industry is set to scale new highs in the Fieldss of production, development, fabrication and research. In 2008, the domestic drug company market in India was expected to be US $ 10.76 billion and this is likely to increase at a compound one-year growing rate of 9.9 per cent until 2010 and later at 9.5 per cent boulder clay the twelvemonth 2015. Industry Tendencies aˆ?The drug company industry by and large grows at about 1.5-1.6 times the Gross Domestic Product growing aˆ?Globally, India ranks 3rd in footings of fabricating drug company merchandises by volume aˆ?The Indian pharmaceutical industry is expected to turn at a rate of 9.9 % boulder clay 2010 and after that 9.5 % boulder clay 2015 aˆ?In 2007-08, India exported drugs deserving US $ 7.2 billion in to the US and Europe followed by Central and Eastern Europe, Africa and Latin America aˆ?The Indian vaccinum market which was deserving US $ 665 million in 2007-08 is turning at a rate of more than 20 % aˆ?The retail pharmaceutical market in India is expected to traverse US $ 12-13 billion by 2012 aˆ?The Indian drug and pharmaceuticals section received foreign direct investing to the melody of US $ 1.43 billion from April 2000 to December 2008 Challenges Every industry has its ain sets of advantages and disadvantages under which they have to work ; the pharmaceutical industry is no exclusion to this. Some of the challenges the industry faces are: aˆ?Regulatory obstructions aˆ?Lack of proper substructure aˆ?Lack of qualified professionals aˆ?Expensive research equipments aˆ?Lack of academic coaction aˆ?Underdeveloped molecular find plan aˆ?Divide between the industry and survey course of study Drug company Companies in IndiaDishman Pharmaceuticals, Elder Pharmaceuticals, J B Pharmaceuticals, Torrent Pharmaceuticals, Sun Pharmaceuticals, Ranbaxy India, Cadila Pharmaceutical Limited, Wockhardt, Strides Arcolab, IPCA Laboratories, Alembic, Amrutanjan, Virchow Laboratories, Polydrug, Laboratories, Dr. Reddy ‘s Laboratories, Aurobindo Pharma, Jubilant Organosys, Astrazeneca Pharma, Divis Laboratories, Merck Ltd. , Astrazen Pharma, , Abbott India, Aventis Pharma Limited, Glenmark, Pharmaceutical Ltd. , Clarion Drugs, Blue Cross Laboratories, Intas Pharmaceuticals Limited, Lincoln Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Matrix Laboratories Government Enterprises The authorities of India has undertaken several including policy enterprises and revenue enhancement interruptions for the growing of the pharmaceutical concern in India. Some of the steps adopted are: aˆ?Pharmaceutical units are eligible for leaden revenue enhancement decrease at 150 % for the research and development outgo obtained. aˆ?Two new strategies viz. , New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative and the Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Research Program have been launched by the Government. aˆ?The Government is contemplating the creative activity of SRV or particular purpose vehicles with an insurance screen to be used for funding new drug research aˆ?The Department of Pharmaceuticals is chew overing the creative activity of drug research installations which can be used by private companies for research work on rent Pharma Export In the recent old ages, despite the lag witnessed in the planetary economic system, exports from the pharmaceutical industry in India have shown good perkiness in growing. Export has become an of import drive force for growing in this industry with more than 50 % gross coming from the abroad markets. For the fiscal twelvemonth 2008-09 the export of drugs is estimated to be $ 8.25 billion as per the Pharmaceutical Export Council of India, which is an organisation, set up by the Government of India. A study undertaken by FICCI, the oldest industry chamber in India has predicted 16 % growing in the export of India ‘s pharmaceutical growing during 2009-2010. Key participants in Indian Pharmaceutical Industry There are several national and international pharmaceutical companies that operate in India. Most of the state ‘s demands for pharmaceutical merchandises are met by these companies. Some of them are briefly described below: aˆ?Ranbaxy Labs Limited is the biggest pharmaceutical fabrication company in India. The company is ranked at the 8th place among the planetary generic pharmaceutical companies and has presence in 48 states including universe category fabrication installations in 10 states and serves to clients from over 125 states. Ranbaxy Laboratories 2009-2010 Q3 Net Net income Results showed a net income of Rs 116.6 crore as compared to Rs 394.5 crore shortage, recorded during the corresponding period last financial. aˆ?Dr. Reddy ‘s Laboratories industries and markets a broad scope of pharmaceuticals both in India and abroad. The company has 60 active pharmaceutical ingredients to fabricate drugs, critical attention merchandises, diagnostic kits and biotechnology merchandises. The company has 6 FDA workss that produce active drug company ingredients and 7 FDA inspected and ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 certified workss. Dr. Reddy ‘s Q1 FY10 consequence shows the grosss of the company at Rs. 18,189 million which is up by 21 % . During this one-fourth the company introduced 24 new generic merchandises, applied for 22 new generic merchandise enrollments and filed 4 DMFs. aˆ?Cipla is an Indian pharmaceutical company renowned for the industry of low cost anti AIDS drugs. The company ‘s merchandise scope comprises of vermifuges, oncology, anti-bacterials, cardiovascular drugs, antibiotics, nutritionary addendums, anti-ulcerants, anti-asthmatics and corticoids. Cipla besides offers other services like quality control, technology, undertaking assessment, works supply, consulting, commissioning and know-how transportation, support. For the fiscal twelvemonth 2008-09 the company registered an addition of 22 % in gross revenues and other income over the old twelvemonth. aˆ?Nicholas Piramal is the 2nd largest pharmaceutical health care company in India. The trade names manufactured by the company include Gardenal, Ismo, Stemetil, Rejoint, Supradyn, Phensedyl and Haemaccel. Nicholas Piramal has entered into join ventures and confederations with several international corporations like Cheissi, Italy ; IVAX Corp ; UK, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Allergan Inc. , USA etc. aˆ?Glaxo Smithkline ( GSK ) is a United Kingdom based pharma company ; it is the universe ‘s 2nd largest pharmaceutical company. The company ‘s portfolio of drug company merchandises consist of cardinal nervous system, respiratory, oncology, vaccinums, anti-infectives and gastro-intestinal/metabolic merchandises among others. On November 2009, the FDA had announced that the H1N1 vaccinum manufactured by GSK would fall in the list of the four vaccinums approved. aˆ?Zydus Cadila besides known as Cadila Healthcare is an Indian pharmaceutical company located in Gujarat. The company ‘s 1QFY2010 consequences show the net gross revenues at Rs880.3cr which is higher than the estimated Rs773cr. The net net income was Rs124.8cr which was addition of 39 % ; the addition was on history of higher gross revenues and betterment in the OPM. India ‘s Domestic Pharmaceutical Market ( 12 Months Ended January 2009 ) Company Size ( $ Billion ) Market Share ( % ) Growth Rate ( % ) Entire Pharma Market 6.9 100.0 9.9 Cipla.36 5.3 13.4 Ranbaxy.34 5.0 11.5 Glaxo Smithkline.29 4.3 -1.2 Piramal Healthcare.27 3.9 11.7 Zydus Cadila.24 3.6 6.8 Beginning: ORG IMS Future Scenario With several companies slated to do investings in India, the hereafter scenario of the pharmaceutical industry in looks pretty promising. The state ‘s pharmaceutical industry has enormous potency of growing sing all the undertakings that are in the grapevine. Some of the future enterprises are: aˆ?According to a survey by FICCI-Ernst & A ; Young India will open a likely US $ 8 billion market for MNCs selling expensive drugs by 2015 aˆ?The survey besides says that the domestic drug company market is likely to make US $ 20 billion by 2015 aˆ?The Minister of Commerce estimations that US $ 6.31 billion will be invested in the domestic pharmaceutical sector aˆ?Public disbursement on health care is likely to raise from 7 per cent of GDP in 2007 to 13 per cent of GDP by 2015 aˆ?Dr Reddy ‘s Laboratories has tied up with GlaxoSmithKline to develop and market generics and preparations in upcoming markets overseas aˆ?Lupin, a Mumbai based pharmaceutical company is looking to tap chances of about US $ 200 million in the US unwritten preventives market aˆ?Due to the low cost of R & A ; D, the Indian pharmaceutical off-shoring industry is designated to turn out to be a US $ 2.5 billion chance by 2012 Expectation From Budget 2010- Health & A ; Pharmaceutical Industry February 24, 2010- Budget intelligence on budget outlooks by wellness sector of India The Finance Minister of India is merely two yearss off from 26th February, 2010 when he will show the Union Budget 2010-11. This is a really of import fiscal papers for all the sectors of India as it will find how the public presentation of assorted industries is to be financially and otherwise supported by the Government of India. In the budgets of past old ages, high allotments had been made to the flagship programmes of the authorities that includes national wellness excessively among others. The wellness industry that includes natural wellness sector every bit good as pharmaceutical industry of India has high budget outlooks from the Union Budget 10-11 as it hopes for proclamations of believable stairss to be taken to better the quality of public outgo on wellness sector. Issues such as wellness, HIV AIDS, poorness relief, sanitation undertakings, H2O planning and development undertakings, should go on to stay high precedence points on the budget for improved supports and overall development. aˆ?Currently the wellness related in-house R & A ; D disbursals enjoy 150 % leaden tax write-off that should be extended to disbursals on outsourced surveies such as clinical tests and specific research lab surveies. Besides the leaden tax write-off should be raised from 150 % to 200 % . aˆ?On lines of the developed economic systems, the construct of research revenue enhancement credits to countervail future revenue enhancement liability should be introduced. aˆ?State excise responsibility on certain preparations should be brought down from the present 16 % to 8 % . aˆ?Allocation for the National Rural Health Mission should be increased well. aˆ?Excise responsibilities should non be applicable to all indispensable drugs. aˆ?Tax freedom for export oriented units should be extended and the place of new direct revenue enhancement codification on particular economic zones should be made clear. aˆ?Healthcare installations like medical specialties and life salvaging drugs, trained medical forces and physicians, installations for diagnosing of of import diseases and complaints should be extended to the rural India on a precedence footing. aˆ?The wellness industry has many outlooks from Budget 2010 sing subsidies and revenue enhancement inducements on assorted indispensable merchandises such as life salvaging drugs, equipments for diagnostic intents etc. aˆ?Tax freedoms should be given to bing infirmaries and wellness establishments so that more and more infirmaries and wellness establishments in rural countries can be established. aˆ?Keeping in position the long gestation period, the revenue enhancement vacation provided to infirmaries set-up in rural countries should be extended from 5 old ages to 10 old ages. aˆ?The ordinances such as transportation pricing, imposts rating and drug pricing that are like acrimonious experiences for the pharmaceutical companies should be rationalized along with early nidation of Advance pricing understandings and safe seaport regulations. aˆ?Pharmaceutical companies should be allowed for claim of outgo on a self enfranchisement footing or on specified paperss such as CA certificate so that conformity of the jurisprudence is done in hassle free mode. aˆ?In order to cut down the overall cost of intervention of patients, the list of life salvaging drugs eligible for imposts duty freedoms should be extended and the responsibility on medical devices should be reduced. aˆ?Value Added Tax ( VAT ) on medical specialties should be rationalized across provinces with specific freedom of life salvaging drugs and life salvaging medical equipment. aˆ?Drug makers who are non into exports face the issue of accretion of Cenvat recognition in the books due to the difference in the responsibility construction of APIs and FDFs. Measures should be taken for this as there are no commissariats to retrieve the accumulated Cenvat recognition, which finally becomes a cost to such makers.Budget 2010 – Expectations of drug company industryHitesh SharmaThe last budget being impersonal, the Indian pharmaceutical industry has drawn its unfinished docket with the hope that Budget 2010 would turn out to be a redress for the industry. Industry believes that its wish list has a virtue for consideration in this budget as some of these points have non been covered in the aforesaid at hand statute laws.Research revenue enhancement creditsDrying grapevine of new drugs, increased R & A ; D outgo and increased force per unit area in the developed states to convey the wellness attention costs down has compelled MNCs to offshore R & A ; D farth er. While India is perceived as an attractive finish to outsource R & A ; D work due to its low cost and high quality capablenesss, to set India in a prima place, there is a demand to supply drift to such activities in the signifier of revenue enhancement and financial benefits. While presently, weighted revenue enhancement benefit is available for in-house R & A ; D, there are no specific benefits available to units engaged in the concern of R & A ; D. In this respect, the Government can play its function by supplying benefits to units engaged in the concern of R & A ; D by manner of tax write-off from net incomes linked to investings. Further, benefits in the signifier of research revenue enhancement credits, which can be used to countervail future revenue enhancement liability, similar to those given in developed economic systems can besides be considered.Include disbursals related to research done outside R & A ; D labThe Indian drug company infinite has witnessed multiple advan ced moves that have strengthened their ability to do it large in the discovery/R & A ; D infinite. These Indian companies incur immense outgo on abroad tests, readyings of dossiers, consulting/legal fees for NCE ( New Chemicals Entities ) and ANDA ( Abbreviated New Drug Applications ) filings with the US FDA. Besides there is a important sum of legal costs incurred in supporting the patents and merchandises. While presently, leaden tax write-off is available for outgo on in-house R & A ; D installation, the commissariats do non stipulate that the outgo incurred outside the R & A ; D units are eligible for leaden tax write-off. Consequently, industry organic structures have sought the inclusion of outgo minor expense to research carried outside R & A ; D installation in India or in any foreign state, within the scope of leaden tax write-off.Extend revenue enhancement vacation to infirmaries beyond rural countriesThe quality and low cost advantage has boosted the medical touristry in India. Industry study suggests that about 150,000 medical tourer visit India every twelvemonth. Further, medical touristry to India is expected to convey gross of $ 2 billion by 2012. In order to capitalize on the chance and to beef up the place of India as a low cost wellness attention tourer finish, there is a greater demand to set-up more and more province of the art wellness attention installations. Even otherwise, there is a clear instance of augmenting wellness attention system in India. Given that big portion of investing would necessitate to be contributed by private sector, the Government can play its function by supplying financial benefits and widening the bing revenue enhancement vacation to infirmaries set up beyond the rural countries.Subsidy for rural health care substructureSpecifically with respect to rural and semi-urban countries, several companies have taken the enterprise to construct the supply concatenation substructure and develop specific merchandises â€⠀ these stairss are non easy and carry immense investings. To advance the development of these countries and have better entree to healthcare installations, the Government, in add-on to its ain plans, should back up the private sector every bit good — this could be in the signifier of subsidy, sharing substructure with private sector, revenue enhancement inducements and so on.Rationalise appraisal processAs per the industry pattern, Pharma companies reach out to patients through physicians by supplying free samples of drugs to physicians and incur other promotional outgo on seminars and so on for instruction of physicians. This creates consciousness about the drugs and finally helps in hiking the gross revenues of the companies. During the class of assessment proceedings, the gross governments frequently challenge the promotional information and ask for voluminous paperss which are cumbersome to supply. They besides frequently deny revenue enhancement tax write-off on an ad- hoc footing. In this respect, the Government can apologize the commissariats by supplying for claim of outgo on a self enfranchisement footing or on the footing of specified paperss such as CA certification and so on.Harmonize pricing ordinancesTransportation pricing is another country necessitating particular attending for pharmaceuticals industry. While transportation pricing ordinances expect companies covering in active pharmaceuticals ingredients ( APIs ) /finished drug preparations ( FDFs ) imported from related parties to keep higher borders, Drugs Prices Control Order ( DPCO ) places limitations on the terminal merchandising monetary value. Equally customs ordinances create a rearward force per unit area by seeking to look into any undervaluation of imported APIs/ FDFs. There is a clear instance to being in harmoniousness in transportation pricing, imposts and DPCO ordinances. Other issues which pharma companies face is comparing of monetary values of innovator/ research ori ented companies with generic companies without taking awareness of quality and efficaciousness. This causes important adversity for pioneers companies who spend important costs on research. There is an immediate demand to turn to these issues every bit good. Besides, while it is proposed that Advance Pricing Agreements ( APAs ) and safe seaport regulations would be introduced, it needs to be expedited.Extend list of life salvaging drugsOn the indirect revenue enhancement forepart, the Government can look at widening the list of life salvaging drugs, which are eligible for imposts duty freedoms in India. This will take to handiness of life salvaging drugs to the patients at decreased monetary values and conveying down the cost of intervention for these complaints. Further, it could besides see cut downing the responsibility on medical devices which would take to overall decrease in the cost of intervention of patients. Besides, Government could see cut downing basic usage responsibil ity for preparations to five per centum in line with the Chelliah Committee ‘s long-run financial policy recommendation.Rationalise responsibility constructionThe levy of excise responsibility on API at eight per centum and on end product of four per centum has led to accretion of Cenvat recognition in the books of makers, particularly those who are non engaged in exports and cater merely to the domestic market. Further, there are no commissariats to retrieve the accumulated Cenvat recognition, which becomes a cost to such pharma makers. The Government could see rationalizing the responsibility construction by doing it at par with responsibility on concluding end product. Another demand has been to increase the abatement bound allowed for calculation of excise responsibility on medicines, from 35 to 45 per centum. Further, industry has sought rationalization of Value Added Tax ( VAT ) on medical specialties across provinces with specific freedom of life salvaging drugs and lif e salvaging medical devices. In a nutshell, while the planetary developments have led to exciting chances for Indian drug company industry, it is one time once more in hunt of support from the Government to tap the same. On the other manus, the Government is doing advancement in conveying two major revenue enhancement reforms, ie direct revenue enhancement codification, and goods and services revenue enhancement ; they carry an implicit in docket of conveying revenue enhancement reforms, simplification of processs and minimization of revenue enhancement inducements. Given that the Government intends to implement these statute laws in the close hereafter, it appears that it may non convey in any major alterations in this budget. Union budget2010-2011 Budget 2010: Hits & A ; girls for Pharmaceutical industry Excise responsibility on goods covered under the Medicinal and Toiletries Preparation Act, 1955 ( ‘MTPA ‘ – applicable to medical specialties and toilet articless holding intoxicant content ) is reduced from 16 to 10 per centum to convey it at par with standard CENVAT rate. The rate of suspension on covered lavatory readyings has besides been revised from 40 to 35 per centum. Further, the jurisprudence is being amended to supply that the Maximum Retail Price ( MRP ) less applicable suspension would be considered for bear downing Countervailing responsibility ( CVD ) for covered imported goods. There has been rationalization in the import responsibility rate construction for the medical devices section, whereby multiplicity of rates have been done off with and the basic imposts responsibility rate has been reduced to 5 from 7.5 per centum. The levy of Particular CVD @ 4 % has besides been withdrawn, whereas in certain specific instances, such as life salvaging medical equipments ( non imported for personal usage ) , available freedoms have been withdrawn. However, on an overall footing, this move is likely to cut down the cost of intervention for patients and hike medical devices industry. The budget proposal exempts import of pre-packaged goods intended for retail sale, which are covered by MRP commissariats of Standard of Weights and Measures Act or under any other jurisprudence from levy of SACD. This is likely to impact bargainers importing finished dose preparations in pre-packaged signifier for retail sale. The Finance Minister has widened the cyberspace of nonexempt services to include wellness look into up undertaken by infirmaries or medical constitutions for the employees of concern entities and wellness services provided under wellness insurance strategy offered by insurance companies Service revenue enhancement would use to said services, merely if, the payment are made straight by the concern entity or the insurance company concerned to the infirmary or medical constitution. Another new levy proposes to cover services provided for care of medical records of employees of a concern entity. Interestingly, the industry wish list still mostly remains ignored, exceeding the list are rationalization of upside-down responsibility rate construction for preparations, imposts duty freedom for all life salvaging drugs, rationalization of transportation pricing ordinances and so on. Clearly, a batch yet remains to be done for the life scientific disciplines industry. 2010 impact: Drug company Below is an analysis on Budget 2010 with mention to the drug company sector. Increased leaden norm of R & A ; D tax write-off to 200 % Addition in R & A ; D tax write-off positive for all R & A ; D pharmaceutical companies Excise responsibility structured remain unchanged Union Budget 2010: Drug company industry welcomes revenue enhancement inducements for R & A ; D New DELHI: Tax inducements given by the Budget for research and development made the Indian pharmaceutical houses sport a smiling but they are left inquiring if the hiking in excise responsibility to 10 per cent on all non-petroleum merchandises will be applicable to them. Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee proposed a leaden revenue enhancement tax write-off on outgo incurred in in-house research and development activities to 200 per cent from the current 150 per cent in the Budget. â€Å" We welcome the authorities ‘s move to increase leaden revenue enhancement tax write-off to 200 per cent as research and development activities is a must and in drug company sector, where it is most desperately required, † Indian Drug Manufacturers Association Executive Director Gajanan Wakankar said. However, deficiency of lucidity on whether the drug company sector would besides be covered under the increased excise on all non-petroleum merchandises from 8-10 per cent, held back the sector from observing. Presently, the drug company sector attracts 4 per cent excise responsibility after CENVAT was cut by 4 per cent in December 2008 as portion of a stimulus bundle. â€Å" We are waiting for more lucidity over the issue and so merely we will measure the impact, † Pharmaceutical exports council ( Pharmaexcil ) laminitis Chairman D B Mody said. Piramal Healthcare Director Swati Piramal besides said, â€Å" We are still looking at the ( Budget ) documents. † She, nevertheless said the revenue enhancement inducements on R & A ; D was long overdue.ADrug company: Benefit from hiking in revenue enhancement tax write-off on in-house R & A ; D offset by addition in MAT rateOverall impact of the Union Budget 2010-11 on the pharmaceuticals sector is impersonal. The hiking in leaden revenue enhancement tax write-off on in-house R & A ; D outgo ( from 150 % to 200 % ) is expected to be marginally favorable for pharmaceutical companies concentrating on new drug find such as Piramal Lifesciences, Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company, etc, said the taking recognition evaluation bureau Crisil. The addition in Minimum Alternate Tax ( MAT ) rate from 15 % to 18 % will hold a marginally negative impact for most of the pharmaceutical participants. Pharma participants will non be impacted by the addition in excise responsibility on majority drugs as the same is MODVATable. Adept Talk: How drug companies can utilize tax write-off as add-on Thursday March 4, 2010 07:06 autopsy PST Pharmaceutical companies got a much sought-after wish granted when FM Pranab Mukherjee said in his Budget address for 2010-11 that companies passing on in-house research and development will be taxed less. Drug shapers can subtract duplicate the sum they spend on in-house research while calculating their nonexempt income for the assessment twelvemonth 2011-12 onwards, up from the present tax write-off of one and a half times the research spend. The inducement for disbursement more money in research is welcome, but the quest for new drugs needs aggressively higher investings by the public and private sectors and a alteration in focal point from low-value imitator versions of MNC drugs to new therapies. Harmonizing to official estimations, the top 25 pharmaceutical companies in India spent about 6-7 % of their entire gross revenues on research and development in the last financial compared to the planetary norm of 12-15 % . That worked out to a paltry Rs 3,500 crore by 25 Indian companies in an industry with a turnover of Rs 90,000 crore including exports. The entire R & A ; D spend by the domestic industry is less than 1 % of the $ 130 billion spent globally on drug research. Experts say that unless Indian drug shapers spend more than 15 % of their gross revenues on research, they can non hold a noticeable presence in the universe of sophisticated, high-value, new drugs. One interesting facet is that the current research spend is chiefly for happening new methods for doing transcripts of expensive and blockbuster MNC drugs without conflicting their patents so that the transcripts can be sold in markets like the US to do windfall additions. The US allows a six-month sole selling right to the first generic transcript that enters the market without conflicting the patent protecting the original drug or by turn outing that the patent was invalid. This path involves judicial proceeding with the pioneer and entails immense legal costs. The history of patent challenges by Indian companies is dotted with a few dramatic successes and a figure of failures. The interesting portion is that the judicial proceeding cost is shown as research and development outgo by most of the Indian companies. Until Indian companies focus every bit or more on contriving their ain new drugs, Indian drug company industry can non lift in planetary stature as a manufacturer of new drugs. The present focal point on generics or imitator drugs gets reflected in statistics. Despite being the 3rd largest manufacturer of drugs by volume, Indian drug company industry stands 17th by the value of its end product because of the low-priced nature of the merchandises. Companies have echt grounds for non being able to pass on research every bit much as their planetary opposite numbers. They are smaller in size and about a 4th of the market is under monetary value control. Many Indian drug shapers are researching the possibility of acquiring licenses from the drug discoverer to do an authorized generic version which will hit the market when the original drug ‘s patent expires. The scheme is to fall in the rival if one can non crush him. The authorities is besides non able to apportion the big sums required for drug find from its revenue enhancement grosss or regular adoptions. The aid that the section of scientific discipline and engineering provides by manner of non-repayable grants and soft loans for research is besides non sufficient. Therefore, the authorities needs to happen advanced support theoretical accounts to back up new drug research. For illustration, it could present a theoretical account which mobilises financess from investors who are willing to portion the lucks of the high-risk-high-reward game of drug research and funnel it to companies with promising experimental new drugs. Recently, the Planning Commission gave the green signal to the section of pharmaceuticals to set about a elaborate undertaking study on planing such a theoretical account. The section ‘s thought is to inquire bureaus like UTI Asset Management Company to raise financess through tax-exempt bonds. The financess therefore raised will be used to construct establishments, train people and discover drugs. If the research leads to discovery of blockbuster drugs, it will profit investors, the company and the concluding consumer. Even if it fails, the authorities will vouch a minimal return on investings. It is estimated that merely one in six experimental drugs makes it to the market. Public-funded research will besides let the authorities to exert a say in the monetary value at which the concluding merchandise would be made available to the consumer. It might take several months before the finer inside informations are worked out. The FM ‘s gesture of heightening the revenue enhancement sop for research, despite unfavorable judgment that the leaden tax write-off strategy is prone to mistreat, shows the authorities ‘s committedness to advance new drug research. But much more public and private resources are needed to take the Indian industry to where the policymakers want to take it-the beginning of one in every ten new drugs invented.