Financial statements of a company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial statements of a company - Essay Example Center of discussion in this paper is Stewardship as the ethical responsibility of the managers to effectively and honestly manage the resources of the firm. Managers therefore are considered as stewards of the firm however, managers are also considered as self-interested individuals who can pursue their own objectives too. Such tendency of the managers therefore requires that the shareholders must use company financial statements to ensure that the managers are performing their stewardship duty. Through techniques such as financial ratio analysis, shareholders can actually look into the overall performance of the managers and decide whether such performance is actually according to the ability of managers. If assessed performance is considered as below-par it may be concluded that the managers may not be fulfilling their responsibility. Agency Theory outlines that there may be conflict of interest between the shareholders and managers of the firm. The basic objective of managers is to ensure that they act in a manner which always results into an increase in the value for shareholders. This therefore requires that the managers must actively pursue the objective of maximizing shareholders wealth. This objective however, may be jeopardized as the managers may take actions which only result into their own benefits and may not entirely result into creation of value for the shareholders. For example, managers may make decisions to increase their compensation or earnings regardless of the fact that such actions may damage the overall shareholder interest in short or long run. Such conflict of interest therefore outlines that the managers must have been kept on watch in order to ensure that their actions do not result into losses for shareholders. It is because of this reason that the theories of corporate governance have been forwarded to design a framework which can ensure that the managers must act in a certain manner. This is for ensuring that the overall interest s of the shareholders are protected while at the same time ensuring that the managers get substantial authority to pursue such objectives. (Cane, 2008) An opposite to Agency theory is the theory of stewardship which requires the shareholders to basically to assume the roles of managers. Through active participation of shareholders, it may be possible to have an effective check over the actions of managers. Managerial Stewardship Stewardship as a concept has some ethical considerations because it embodies the ethical responsibilities of the management to responsibly plan and manage the resources of the firm. From accounting and finance perspectives, managers therefore are considered as the custodians of the firm’s resources and it is their professional and ethical responsibility to ensure that they plan and manage resources in the best of the interest of the organization and hence its shareholders. It has been however, outlined that the overall research on understanding the st ewardship and the role of mangers have been limited. It is also because of this reason that the accounting standard setters face dearth of information which can further strengthen the stewardship ability of the managers. Stewardship theory therefore outlines that the managers are stewards rather than rational individuals having their own self

Cancer Treatment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cancer Treatment - Research Paper Example The choice for treatment depends on factors such as location, degree of severity, grade of tumour and the general state of the patient. In essence, the goal of cancer treatment is to remove or destroy the malignant cells without excessive damage to the body. Surgical treatment involves surgical excision of a tumour or an entire organ but the propensity of cancer cells to microscopically metastases makes it effective only in localized small cancers such as breast and prostate tumours. Radiation therapy can come in the form of radiotherapy, X-ray therapy and irradiation and uses ionizing radiation to kill cancer cells. This kind of therapy is used for the treatment of cancers of the brain, cervix, larynx, breast, lung, pancreas, skin, prostate, stomach, uterus or soft tissue sarcomas. It is also used in the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma. Chemotherapy involves the treatment of cancer with cytotoxic drugs that can have many effects specifically geared towards the elimination of cancer cells. One of the effects of the drugs is to interfere with cell division by hindering the duplication of DNA and the separation of chromosomes. The anticancer drugs travel through the bloodstream making it useful for cancers that have spread. Leukemias a nd lymphomas and cancer of the testicles can be treated with chemotherapy but breast, colorectal, lung and prostate cancer cannot be cured by chemotherapy alone. Monoclonal antibody therapy involves the administration of antibodies that bind to a protein on the surface of the cancer cells. Anti-HER2/neu antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin) and the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab are examples of this type of treatment. Immunotherapy makes use of a variety of strategies to enhance the immune system of patients. Examples of these include interferons and cytokines for renal cell carcinoma and melanoma and intravesical BCG. The most common combination of cancer treatment is surgery or radiation therapy followed by chemotherapy. There are many factors that determine the effectiveness of each method but there is increasing preference for combined modalities. This includes not only the physical uniqueness of the patient but also the socioeconomic limitations of the patient and the state which may be sponsoring the treatment. It is quite well known that cancer treatment is a financially challenging enterprise. 2.0 Research Aim The financial cost of treatment varies according to the degree of treatment required and the goal of the research to be conducted is to determine whether price differentials have an effect in morbidity and mortality in cancer treatment. To be specific, the inquiry would look into whether costlier procedures would to lead better results which would be taken as the lowering or eliminating the cancerous cells in the patient's body. 3.0 Methodology As previously mentioned, there is an increasing trend towards multidisciplinary treatment of cancer implying that there could be difficulties in comparing efficiency and effectiveness due to the overlapping of treatment. There are also many forms of cancer which further compounds the complexity of the issue. These concerns necessitate the need to define and limit the scope of the

The Indian Economy and The Licence Raj

The Indian Economy and The Licence Raj Licence Raj, refers to the involved various licenses, regulations and accompanying red-tape that were required to set up and run businesses in India between 1947 and 1990. The Licence Raj was the result of Indian Planned Economy where each and every aspect is controlled by States and Central Government. To start an any new business, one has to take approximately 80 licences, that are resultant into disinterested new initiatives and not only that after getting licences businesses are controlled and governed by the government bodies that resultant into losses of new business. Government objective is not to control the growth but plan the each every thing and allocate the proper resources but somehow increased corruption rate and frauds has lead to decrease in growth rate. The License Raj-system was in place for around four decades. The government of India initiated a liberalization policy under the Prime Minister-ship of Rajiv Gandhi, though much of the actual progress was made under P.V.Narasimha Rao. Liberalization resulted in substantial growth in the Indian economy, which continues today. Liberalisation Indian economy had experienced major policy changes in early 1990s. The new economic reform, popularly known as, Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG model) aimed at making the Indian economy as fastest growing economy and globally competitive. The series of reforms undertaken with respect to industrial sector, trade as well as financial sector aimed at making the economy more efficient. The new neo-liberal policies (economic and social policy) included opening for international trade and investment, deregulation, initiation of privatization, tax reforms, and inflation-controlling measures. The overall direction of liberalisation has since remained the same, irrespective of the ruling party, although no party has yet tried to take on powerful lobbies such as the trade unions and farmers, or contentious issues such as reforming labour laws and reducing agricultural subsidies. The main objective of the government was to reform the economic system from socialism to capitalism so as to achieve high economic growth and industrialize the nation for the well-being of Indian citizens. Today India is mainly characterized as a market economy. With the result of that change today about 300 million people-equivalent to the entire population of the United States-have escaped extreme poverty. The consequences of liberalisation reached their pinnacle in 2007, when India recorded its highest GDP growth rate of 9%. With this, India became the second fastest growing major economy in the world, next only to China. The reforms progressed furthest in the areas of opening up to foreign investment, reforming capital markets, deregulating domestic business, and reforming the trade regime. Liberalisation has done away with the Licence Raj (investment, industrial and import licensing) and ended many public monopolies, allowing automatic approval of foreign direct investment in many sectors. Narsimha Rao governments goals were reducing the fiscal deficit, privatization of the public sector, and increasing investment in infrastructure. Trade reforms and changes in the regulation of foreign direct investment were introduced to open India to foreign trade while stabilizing external loans. Accountable changes made In the industrial sector, industrial licensing was cut, leaving only 18 industries subject to licensing. Industrial regulation was rationalized. Introducing the SEBI Act of 1992 and the Security Laws (Amendment) which gave SEBI the legal authority to register and regulate all security market intermediaries. Starting in 1994 of the National Stock Exchange as a computer-based trading system Reducing tariffs from an average of 85 percent to 25 percent Encouraging foreign direct investment by increasing the maximum limit on share of foreign capital in joint ventures Opening up in 1992 of Indias equity markets to investment by foreign institutional investors and permitting Indian firms to raise capital on international markets by issuing Global Depository Receipts Privatization Under the privatization plan, many of the public sector activities have been or are still being sold to the private sector. Thus the concept of PPP (public private partnership) came up. It describes a government service or private business venture which is funded and operated through a partnership of government and one or more private sector companies. Privatization, in its wider sense, stands for policies to reduce the role of the state or government, assign larger role for the private sector pursuing the logic of the market in all economic decisions. The entry of new private sector enterprises could introduce competition where public sector enjoyed monopoly. Each form of privatization has differing implications for the labour, consumers and the economy. Degeneration, for instance, is likely to have little immediate adverse impact on employment. Degeneration, because of the removal of entry barriers, may motivate additional investments and offer enlarged employment opportunities. It is, however, possible that new private sector entrants may indulge in poaching of senior and experienced employees of the public sector by offering attractive emoluments. The outgoing public sector employees would carry the advantage and access to business networks and knowledge of the market with them. This phenomenon has already been seen in the aviation sector and communications industry. Privatization could lead to a reduction in the workforce if the new managements were to opt for modernization and automation. This, in all probability, is unavoidable. Under the Indian planning system public sector investments are financed through financial allocations by the government. While there were no administrative restrictions on cottage, village and small scale industries most large investment proposals by the private sector have had to pass through the scrutiny by a multiple of regulatory agencies. Soon after the initiation of development planning in India it became evident that the public sector was an economic necessity for the economy and the private sector.1 Public sector was envisaged as a major instrument for pursuance of plan targets. It was universally accepted that the Indian private sector was neither capable of making the necessary large investments nor was it expected to take up projects with long gestation periods and carrying low rates of return. Industrial Policy Resolution, 1956 reserved a large sector both for exclusive and priority development by the public sector. The government took upon herself the task of providing essential infrastructure and utilities as also heavy industries. Public sector in India has two main forms. One, the departmentally owned and managed establishments like railways, posts, telecommunication, irrigation, and power projects; and two, enterprises established under the Companies Act, 1956 and under special statutes. At the end of 1992, there were 1,180 undertakings in which government owned majority equity capital and which were categorized as government companies. Public sector has been an important employer, especially in the organized labour market. The sector accounted for 56.84 per cent of the total number of 14.3 million employees in the organized sector1 in 1980-81. From about 8.1 million in 1980-81, those employed in public sector manufacturing increased to 9.8 million by 1990-91. Public sector in India follows the same policy of preferences in employment for women and the underprivileged sections of the society as the government. The underprivileged categories are based on socio-economic considerations like membership of Scheduled Castes and Tribes, backward classes, weaker sections, women and the handicapped. Some of the public sector enterprises have closed down certain of their activities by subcontracting them to private parties. Contractualisation of specific tasks has been assisted by the general ban imposed by government on new recruitments. The activities privatized and brought under subcontracting include catering; message and courier service; and security, cleaning and maintenance of office buildings and office transport (staff cars). Railways appear to have taken to sub-contracting of services in a big manner. Each form of privatization has differing implications for the labour, consumers and the economy. Dereservation, for instance, is likely to have little immediate adverse impact on employment. Dereservation, because of the removal of entry barriers, may motivate additional investments and offer enlarged employment opportunities. It is, however, possible that new private sector entrants may indulge in poaching of senior and experienced employees of the public sector by offering attractive emoluments. Regulatory bodies Privatization of large public enterprises and entry of private sector in erstwhile reserved areas has the potential of giving rise to establishment of private monopolies. The interest of the consumers may therefore have to be protected from the normal instinct of private monopolies to exploit consumers in order to maximize their profits. One should not stretch the point too far as for the tendency of a public monopoly to be always better. Examples:- Security Exchange of India Electricity Regulatory Commission, Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Insurance Regulatory Development Authority. Globalization Now that India is in the process of restructuring her economy, with aspirations of elevating herself from her present desolate position in the world, the need to speed up her economic development is even more imperative. And having witnessed the positive role that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has played in the rapid economic growth of most of the Southeast Asian countries and most notably China, India has embarked on an ambitious plan to emulate the successes of her neighbours to the east and is trying to sell herself as a safe and profitable destination for FDI. Globalization has many meanings depending on the context and on the person who is talking about. The process of globalization not only includes opening up of world trade, development of advanced means of communication, internationalization of financial markets, growing importance of MNCs, population migrations and more generally increased mobility of persons, goods, capital, data and ideas but also infections, diseases and pollution. The term globalization refers to the integration of economies of the world through uninhibited trade and financial flows, as also through mutual exchange of technology and knowledge. Ideally, it also contains free inter-country movement of labour. In context to India, this implies opening up the economy to foreign direct investment by providing facilities to foreign companies to invest in different fields of economic activity in India, removing constraints and obstacles to the entry of MNCs in India, allowing Indian companies to enter into foreign collaborations and also encouraging them to set up joint ventures abroad; carrying out massive import liberalization programs by switching over from quantitative restrictions to tariffs and import duties, therefore globalization has been identified with the policy reforms of 1991 in India. Indian economy was in deep crisis in July 1991, when foreign currency reserves had plummeted to almost $1 billion; Inflation had roared to an annual rate of 17 percent; fiscal deficit was very high and had become unsustainable; foreign investors and NRIs had lost confidence in Indian Economy. Capital was flying out of the country and we were close to defaulting on loans. Major measures initiated as a part of the liberalization and globalization strategy in the early nineties included the following: Devaluation: The first step towards globalization was taken with the announcement of the devaluation of Indian currency by 18-19 percent against major currencies in the international foreign exchange market. In fact, this measure was taken in order to resolve the BOP crisis Disinvestment-In order to make the process of globalization smooth, privatization and liberalization policies are moving along as well. Under the privatization scheme, most of the public sector undertakings have been/ are being sold to private sector. Dismantling of The Industrial Licensing Regime At present, only six industries are under compulsory licensing mainly on accounting of environmental safety and strategic considerations. A significantly amended locational policy in tune with the liberalized licensing policy is in place. No industrial approval is required from the government for locations not falling within 25 kms of the periphery of cities having a population of more than one million. Allowing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) across a wide spectrum of industries and encouraging non-debt flows. The Department has put in place a liberal and transparent foreign investment regime where most activities are opened to foreign investment on automatic route without any limit on the extent of foreign ownership. Some of the recent initiatives taken to further liberalize the FDI regime Non Resident Indian Scheme the general policy and facilities for foreign direct investment as available to foreign investors/ Companies are fully applicable to NRIs as well. In addition, Government has extended some concessions especially for NRIs and overseas corporate bodies having more than 60% stake by NRIs Abolition of the (MRTP) Act, which necessitated prior approval for capacity expansion The removal of quantitative restrictions on imports. The reduction of the peak customs tariff from over 300 per cent prior to the 30 per cent rate that applies now. Wide-ranging financial sector reforms in the banking, capital markets, and insurance sectors, including the deregulation of interest rates, strong regulation and supervisory systems, and the introduction of foreign/private sector competition The Bright Side of Globalization The rate of growth of the Gross Domestic Product of India has been on the increase from 5.6 per cent during 1980-90 to seven per cent in the 1993-2001 periods. Today Indian Economy is growing at 9% annually. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh is confident of having a 10 per cent growth in the GDP in the Eleventh Five Year Plan period. The foreign exchange reserves (as at the end of the financial year) were $ 39 billion (2000-01), $ 107 billion (2003-04), $ 145 billion (2005-06) and $ 180 billion (in February 2007). Today (4th Nov 2010) India has $ 300 billion foreign exchange reserves and ranking at 6 number on world chart. The total cumulative amount of FDI inflows in India were Rs 563,656 million, about US$129,656 million over a decade from 1991 to January 2010. The sectors attracting highest FDI inflows are electrical equipments including computer software and electronics (18 per cent), service sector (13 per cent), telecommunications (10 per cent), transportation industry (nine per cent), etc. In the inflow of FDI, India has surpassed South Korea to become the fourth largest recipient. Dark Side of Globalisation Every coin has two sides; globalisation is also not out of it. There are many disadvantages of Globalisations as well. The main disadvantage of globalisation is in Agriculture field. In 1951, agriculture provided employment to 72 per cent of the population and contributed 59 per cent of the gross domestic product. However, by 2001 the population depending upon agriculture came to 58 per cent whereas the share of agriculture in the GDP went down drastically to 24 per cent and further to 22 per cent in 2006-07. This has resulted in a lowering the per capita income of the farmers and increasing the rural indebtedness. The number of rural landless families increased from 35 per cent in 1987 to 45 per cent in 1999, further to 55 per cent in 2005. The farmers are destined to die of starvation or suicide. Replying to the Short Duration Discussion on Import of Wheat and Agrarian Distress on May 18, 2006, Agriculture Minister Sharad Pawar informed the Rajya Sabha that roughly 1,00,000 farmers committed suicide during the period 1993-2003 mainly due to indebtedness. In his interview to The Indian Express on November 15, 2005, Sharad Pawar said: The farming community has been ignored in this country and especially so over the last eight to ten years. The total investment in the agriculture sector is going down. In the last few years, the average budgetary provision from the Indian Government for irrigation is less than 0.35 percent. Globalisation also leads to unemployment in labour class people according to Minister for Labour and Employment informed the Lok Sabha on March 19, 2007, that the enrolment of the unemployed in the Employment Exchanges in 2006-07 was 79 lakhs against the average of 58 lakhs in the past ten years. The lives of the educated and the rich had been enriched by globalization. The information technology (IT) sector was a particular beneficiary. But the benefits had not yet reached the majority, and new risks had cropped up for the losers-the socially deprived and the rural poor. Growth of Slum Capitals In his 2007-08 Budget Speech, Finance Minister Chidambaram put forth a proposal to promote Mumbai as a world class financial centre and to make financial services the next growth engine of India. Of its 13 million populations, Mumbai city has 54 per cent in slums. It is estimated that 100 to 300 new families come to Mumbai every day and most land up in a slum colony. Prof R. N. Sharma of the TATA Institute of Social Science says that Mumbai is disintegrating into slums. From being known as the slum capital of India and the biggest slum of Asia, Mumbai is all set to become the slum capital of the world. The population of Delhi is about 14 million of which nearly 45 per cent population lives in slums, unauthorized colonies, JJ clusters and undeveloped rural parts. During dry weather these slum dwellers use open areas around their units for defecation and the entire human waste generated from the slums along with the additional wastewater from their households is discharged untreated into the river Yamuna. To make Globalization Work India should pay immediate attention to ensure rapid development in education, health, water and sanitation, labour and employment so that under time-bound programmes the targets are completed without delay. A strong foundation of human development of all people is essential for the social, political and economic development of the country. The government should take immediate steps to increase agricultural production and create additional employment opportunities in the rural parts, to reduce the growing inequality between urban and rural areas and to decentralize powers and resources to the panchayati raj institutions for implementing all works of rural development. At the present, we can also say about the tale of two Indias: We have the best of times; we have the worst of times. There is sparkling prosperity, there is stinking poverty. We have dazzling five star hotels side by side with darkened ill-starred hovels. We have everything by globalization, we have nothing by globalization.

The Prince :: essays research papers

Born in Florence on May 3, 1469, Machiavelli entered government service as a clerk and rose to prominence when the Florentine Republic was proclaimed in 1498. Machiavelli was an upright man, a good citizen, and a good father. He was not by any means a faithful husband but lived in affectionate harmony with his wife, Marietta Corsini (whom he had married in the latter part of 1501), and had five children by her. He loved his native city "more than his own soul," and he was generous, ardent, and basically religious. He was secretary of the ten-man council that conducted the diplomatic negotiations and supervised the military operations of the republic, and his duties included missions to the French king (1504, 1510-11), the Holy See (1506), and the German emperor (1507-8). In the course of his diplomatic missions within Italy he became acquainted with many of the Italian rulers and was able to study their political tactics, particularly those of the ecclesiastic and soldier Cesare Borgia, who was at that time engaged in enlarging his holdings in central Italy. From 1503 to 1506 Machiavelli reorganized the military defense of the republic of Florence. Although mercenary armies were common during this period, he preferred to rely on the conscription of native troops to ensure a permanent and patriotic defense of the commonwealth. In 1512, when the Medici, a Florentine family, regained power in Florence and the republic was dissolved, he was deprived of office and briefly imprisoned for alleged conspiracy against them. After his release he retired to his estate near Florence, where he wrote his most important works. Despite his attempts to gain favor with the Medici rulers, he was never restored to his prominent government position. When the republic was temporarily reinstated in 1527, he was suspected by many republicans of pro-Medici leanings. Machiavelli's methodology involved the empirical observation of human nature and behaviour, which he believed to be changeless. His deep feelings about the degradation and corruption of Italy at his time led him to put his hope into the daring and the violence of a great man who would exercise power ruthlessly but with prudence. Power, Machiavelli apparently believed, legitimized the state, if rationally applied, by a man able to manipulate the people and use the army for his own purposes. In his quest for a "new prince" and a new principle of policy he knew that he was opening "a road as yet untrodden by man.

Blackber

blackberry Objective Regain blackberries 20% lost market share, and improve overall net profit vs. last year by 13% Offer the services that have already been introduced by competing company, and also work on providing customers with innovative applications Summary BLACKBERRY FOR BUSINESS Built to keep your business moving Where multiple devices ownership models, applications and operating systems exist, BlackBerry ®Ã‚  perfectly balances end user and corporate needs to keep your business moving.Blackberry  is a brand that was created by Research in Motion’s (RIM) Founder Mike Lazaridis in 1996, providing wireless web enabled devices across multiple networks. RIM is a Canadian based company founded in 1984 that formally worked with RAM and Ericsson, developing a two way paging system and wireless email network. The company’s goal and vision is clear: â€Å"to provide solutions for the worldwide mobile communications market, including the software that allows the Bla ckBerry Smartphone to provide mobile access to email, applications, media and the Internet. † (RIM website: http://www. im. com/company) Since the creation of Blackberry, it commands over 20% of the world’s Smartphone sales, available in over 91 countries on over 500 mobile service operators. Blackberry has sold over 100 million devices and still trumps the Iphone is sales since its development. With the development of the  New Blackberry Torch  we see the progress that Blackberry has made. Not only does Blackberry dedicate so much time and funds to research and development, but they have successfully built the brand strong and have reached different demographics in the past 5 years than any other company.There is no doubt that Blackberry has been, and will continue to be, the leader in research and development in wireless realm. Research In Motion (RIM), a global leader in wireless innovation, revolutionized the mobile industry with the introduction of the BlackBer ry solution in 1999. Since then, BlackBerry products and services have continued to change the way millions of people around the world stay connected. With the launch of BlackBerry ® 10, we have re-designed, re-engineered and re-invented BlackBerry.Not only did we introduce a new mobile experience to our global community of BlackBerry users, but we are also introducing a new name for the company. Research In Motion now operates globally under the iconic name BlackBerry. Corporate Responsibility Global Growth. BlackBerry is a company driven by ideas. We believe that innovation and collaboration will foster sustainable growth for our business. BlackBerry and its subsidiaries and affiliates (â€Å"BlackBerry†) are committed to offering the best tools for communication and social collaboration and working towards minimizing our environmental impact.BlackBerry  strives to act responsibly and expects the same of our partners and suppliers. Corporate Philanthropy BlackBerry Blac kBerry seeks to make a positive impact in our communities, engaging the talents and resources of our people and partners to harness the power of technology. BlackBerry strongly believes in the importance of education and works to inspire the next generation of minds, particularly in the areas of science, technology, engineering and math. Outreach efforts are concentrated on students at public elementary and secondary schools.Proud2Be program BlackBerry supports employee efforts to give back to communities through Proud2Be, a set of internal programs which present several opportunities to support our communities through fundraising drives and volunteerism. Through the Volunteer Recognition Program and the Child and Youth Active Living Program, BlackBerry  donated to 294 organizations around the world. Through these programs and a variety of corporately supported events and activities, employees volunteered more than 14,800 hours in fiscal 2012. Junior Achievement Europe innovation campsAs part of our commitment to furthering science, technology, engineering and math (STEM), BlackBerry  has partnered with JA-YE Europe, Europe’s largest provider of entrepreneurship education programs. Our partnership has supported the facilitation of one-day STEM innovation camps, which have provided real life technology based business challenges for the students to tackle with our employee volunteers. Over 900 students and 70 employees in Italy, Spain, South Africa, France, Sweden and the UK have all had the chance to participate in these forward-thinking innovation camps.An employee volunteer from Italy explained: â€Å"It was a fantastic experience, seeing how these young people were so engaged and energized. They loved to learn about BlackBerry and were able to use their creative skills to come up with some brilliant innovations. And for me personally, I really enjoyed being able to play my part in helping guide these students and see them gain confidence and get excited about innovation for the future†. Science, technology, engineering and math BlackBerry  successfully reached over 1. million students over fiscal 2012 to encourage their interest in (STEM) through programs such as the Canada Wide Science Fair, FIRST Robotics, and the BlackBerry Hands On Workshops (BBHOW) series. The BBHOW program teaches 11 to 17 year olds the science behind mobile technology and explores careers in technology. Fiscal 2012 saw the expansion of this program into the U. K. , with employee volunteers delivering workshops to eager students. In all, more than 9,000 students were able to participate in this learning program.BlackBerry and Free the Children BlackBerry is proud to partner with and help build on Free The Children’s record of local and global youth engagement to take action towards an inspired vision for tomorrow. Free The Children has taken the unique notion of â€Å"children helping children† to affect social change around the world. Its work has resulted in significant changes in two distinct areas, both of which BlackBerry is proud to support. The first and most direct is access to education.The second is an increased level of awareness and engagement that changes the way the youth who volunteer view themselves and the world around them—a mechanism for shaping the leaders of tomorrow. Through domestic empowerment programs and leadership training, Free The Children inspires young people to become socially conscious global citizens as well as agents of change for their peers worldwide. BlackBerry Build A Village Awards Going into its second year, the  BlackBerry Build A Village Awards  program sent 50 students to India and Kenya in July and August 2012.These students helped provide access to basic needs in the context of Free The Children’s four pillars of community development: healthcare, water and sanitation, education, and alternative incomes. They also had the opportunity to see the development projects that last year’s award recipients completed, including the schools and classrooms that are now open and the water and sanitation stations which are so vital to improving quality of life in Eor Ewuaso, Kenya and Bagad, India. The school that BlackBerry award recipients helped build in Eor Ewuaso was honoured by Free The Children for several academic achievements.More than 1,000 students, teachers and parents attended the award ceremony which celebrated achievements from the previous year. Eor Ewuaso won eight awards, including best school overall. We Day Waterloo The third annual  We Day Waterloo  took place on Wednesday, November 14, 2012. Close to 6,000 students from throughout southwestern Ontario came together to experience an event like no other. Free The Children co-founders, motivational speakers, and celebrity guests helped rally these young people to take on leadership roles in their communities.With the help of social strategy consulting fir m Mission Measurement, Free The Children was able to capture unprecedented insight into the impact of our last We Day Waterloo upon students, educators, and their schools. Highlights include: * 97% of students believed they could make a meaningful difference, up from 66% last year * 85% of students felt more educated about social justice issues * 96% of students planned to lead or play an active role in a social justice initiative * More than half of the educators in the audience returned to their schools with a renewed sense of purpose and enthusiasm forPublic Policy and Government Relations BlackBerry As one of the world’s leading communications technology companies with customers in more than 175 countries, BlackBerry actively participates in governmental proceedings, industry associations and technology standards bodies. Shaping public policy and engaging in regulatory affairs BlackBerry  helps to drive innovation, shape global policies and promote access to leading-edg e technologies. BlackBerry  partners with national and international organizations and industry bodies around the world to advance the development of wireless technology and mobile communications.In fiscal 2012, BlackBerry  participated in public consultations across multiple jurisdictions on a range of issues including spectrum, privacy, security, convergence, accessibility, intellectual property, and other issues. Lawful access Lawful access is a request by national or international law enforcement authorities to telecom carriers or technology suppliers for access to user communications for the purposes of law enforcement, investigation or prosecution as duly requested under the laws of a jurisdiction.A common requirement around the world, lawful access may be required for reasons such as investigating, solving or prosecuting crime, or for ensuring national security. Like others in our industry, from time to time, BlackBerry may receive requests from legal authorities for lawf ul access assistance. We are guided by appropriate legal processes and publicly disclosed lawful access principles in this regard, as we balance any such requests against our priority of maintaining privacy rights of our users. We do not speculate or comment upon individual matters of lawful access.Additionally, BlackBerry  does not provide special deals for individual countries, and we clearly stipulate that BlackBerry  has no ability to support the access of BlackBerry ® Enterprise Server (BES) communications as only our enterprise clients have control over the encryption keys for these communications. BlackBerry  is committed to operating its business in accordance with recognized industry standards of business and social responsibility in the markets we serve. BlackBerry  will continue to evaluate the markets in which we operate, we will engage and express our views to government and we will continue to operate in a principled manner. Learn about BlackBerry lawful acce ss principles Content filtering Content filtering refers to the ability to remove access to inappropriate and/or illegal Internet–based content. While often applied in the home or in a business to screen inappropriate content such as malware or pornography, content filtering requirements are generally established by national governments or voluntarily in many countries by Internet service providers, including telecom carriers. BlackBerry  is not an Internet service provider.Like our competitors, we support our carrier partners around the world to meet their obligations or commitments by working with them to ensure the availability of appropriate content filtering solutions for BlackBerry smartphones. Child online safety and protection Online safety and the protection of children and young people in the mobile environment are especially important to BlackBerry. For BlackBerry smartphone and BlackBerry ® PlayBookâ„ ¢ tablet applications, BlackBerry ® Worldâ„ ¢ offer s content rating and filtering options based on the CTIA Wireless Association’s  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Guidelines for App Content Classification and Ratings†.This feature enables parents to set a rating filter in BlackBerry World  to restrict content of specified ratings from being displayed or purchased. In addition, BlackBerry  introduced new parental control features that give parents the ability to control and restrict their children's use of various services and applications on BlackBerry smartphones, such as browsing, text messaging, BlackBerry ® Messenger and access to social networks. Furthermore, BlackBerry  and other leading companies have joined the â€Å"CEO Coalition to make the Internet a better place for kids†, which is a voluntary initiative esigned to respond to challenges arising from the diverse ways in which young people go online. Product Sustainability BlackBerry Creating products with the earth in mind BlackBerry is always on the lookout for sus tainable innovations that meet the needs of the present without compromising the future. Our commitment to reducing our environmental impact is visible throughout the lifecycle of our products—from initial concept to final delivery. Improving product sustainabilityIn fiscal 2012,  BlackBerry worked with experienced sustainability consultants to conduct in-depth, baseline assessments of our sustainability policies, programs and product development activities. The Natural Step, an international non-profit research and advisory organization, conducted a Sustainability Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA). The SLCA provided a strategic overview of the sustainability of our products, highlighting the ecological and social impacts of current products throughout their life cycle.To further assess the impact of our products,  BlackBerry worked with Five Winds International, an experienced sustainability management consulting firm, to conduct comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) stud ies on the BlackBerry ® Torchâ„ ¢ 9810 smartphone and the BlackBerry PlayBook tablet. The assessment provided an in-depth view of each product’s environmental impacts at every stage in its life cycle, from the materials used in the product, to production and distribution, to its use, and for the end of its useful life.Together, the SLCA and the LCA equip  BlackBerry with information to help focus our efforts on reducing our overall environmental impact. * Learn more about LCA * Sustainable at the source Sustainable sourcing, conflict-free minerals and higher recycled content all play a role in the development of our products. Working with suppliers and manufacturers, processes and policies are established to help deliver more sustainable products and enhance the customer experience. * Learn more about our materials * It’s more than just a box Moving toward a more sustainable, holistic packaging approach reduces BlackBerry’s environmental footprint.New eco -friendly packaging for BlackBerry ® smartphones, along with reduced transportation emissions, paperless documentation and new BlackBerry accessories, help us deliver more sustainable products. Learn more about our packaging * More energy, less waste * One of BlackBerry’s goals is to design more sustainably at each stage in the product life cycle by adopting Design for Environment principles and formalizing energy efficiency considerations in the Research and Development design processes. New charger and battery-saving tips help increase the energy efficiency of BlackBerry products. Learn more about energy efficiency * BlackBerry recycling BlackBerry  offers a variety of options for customers to responsibly dispose of BlackBerry devices that have reached the end of their useful life. Learn more about BlackBerry recycling Responsibility at BlackBerry BlackBerry BlackBerry is committed to global sustainability by improving the economic, social and environmental impacts of o ur day-to-day operations. BlackBerry teams implement programs across the organization to identify, execute and measure sustainable initiatives.Contact the BlackBerry Corporate Responsibility team 2012 Corporate Responsibility Report Download  (PDF) Corporate governance Learn about corporate governance at BlackBerry (BlackBerry Code of Business Standards and Principles, information regarding the Board of Directors and more) Corporate carbon footprint Learn about BlackBerry’s initiatives to reduce our corporate carbon footprint: * Learn about BlackBerry’s participation in the Carbon Disclosure Project * Learn about climate change initiatives * Learn about BlackBerry greenhouse gas initiatives * * Corporate operations BlackBerry is committed to reducing the environmental impact of our operations. * Energy Efficient Buildings * New data center built to green standards * Green IT * Waste diversion * Paper recycling * Paper procurement * View the BlackBerry Paper Procureme nt Policy  (PDF) * ISO 14001 Environmental Management System * The wireless handheld manufacture and repair services operations in Ontario are certified to the ISO 14001 standard. In fiscal 2013, BlackBerry will continue the process of expanding the scope of our certification to include research and development activities. Learn more about the BlackBerry ISO 14001 program Recognition by others BlackBery strives to create the best work environment for employees through a variety of programs. We are proud to have these efforts recognized by others. * 2012 Waterloo Region Top Employer * 2012 Canada’s Top 100 Employers for Young People * Randstad Canada’s Most Attractive Employer 2011 * Philanthropic and Community Leadership Award, Greater Miami Chamber of Commerce * Community Outreach Award, Rolling Meadows Chamber of Commerce * Outstanding Corporate Chamber Partner of the Year Award, Greater IrvingLas Colinas Chamber of Commerce Finding success with BlackBerry Thousand s of companies, government agencies and non-profit organizations worldwide have increased their success with the BlackBerry solution and are effectively improving people’s lives. Success stories, such as  TDI,  R3SM,  Herrle’s Country Farm Market,  International Medical Corps  and  Missing Children of South Africa, showcase how organizations are using the BlackBerry solution to benefit society. To find out why the BlackBerry solution was the best fit for these and other customers, visit the BlackBerry Customer Success website  www. lackberry. com/go/success. Supply Chain BlackBerry BlackBerry is committed to ensuring that the management of our supply chain activities is socially and environmentally responsible. As a multinational company we recognize that our supply chain operations reach many parts of the globe and a diverse range of communities, each with their own culture and business norms. As a responsible organization, we also recognize that there a re certain standards of employment and environmental performance that must be respected wherever we operate or have business relationships.These standards are encapsulated in our Supplier Code of Conduct, which was published in 2011. Supplier compliance with the BlackBerry Supplier Code of Conduct and Responsible Minerals Policy is an expectation for doing business and is fundamental to our supplier engagement activities. BlackBerry  continues to be an active participant in the Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition (EICC) and the Global e-Sustainability Initiative (GeSI). View the BlackBerry Supplier Code of Conduct  (PDF) View the BlackBerry Responsible Minerals Policy  (PDF) Learn about the EICCLearn about the GeSI Supply chain social responsibility implementation BlackBerry  uses a risk-based approach for monitoring supplier conformance to our Supplier Code of Conduct. In fiscal 2012, BlackBerry established an enhanced process for evaluating supplier social and enviro nmental responsibility (SER) risk and prioritizing suppliers for assessments. The first step is a high-level risk assessment based on such factors as supplier location, commodity, relationship and history. The high-level risk assessment intended to be conducted annually on our identified supplier list.The output of this assessment is a prioritized list of suppliers, who will be required to complete detailed self-assessments. BlackBerry  intends to use the EICC-ON system to gather this information. BlackBerry  supports a common industry solution to supplier SER management and is actively engaged in the continued development of the system through work with EICC. BlackBerry  has formalized a process for reviewing the supplier self-assessments and plans to use the results as an input to BlackBerry’s SER audit schedule. Learn more about our auditing process Freely chosen employment in our supply chains BlackBerry  supports the principle of freely chosen employment and does not support the use of slave labor in any of its forms, including forced labor and child labor. View the BlackBerry Statement Regarding Freely Chosen Employment In Our Supply Chains  (PDF) Building capacity through training Like many other companies in our sector, we conduct on-site audits to check that our suppliers are complying with our Supplier Code of Conduct.We also recognize that auditing is only one of a number of tools that can be used to help drive improvements in supply chain performance. We are interested in developing additional sustainable solutions and in this respect BlackBerry  is a co-leader of the EICC/GeSI Learning ; Capability Work Group. During 2011 the group developed and launched supply chain training programs focused on health and safety in the workplace and worker-management communications, including sessions hosted by BlackBerry  suppliers. Supply chain carbon reportingBlackBerry  is participating in the EICC’s carbon reporting system. Thro ugh this system we will survey many of our direct suppliers of materials, which will give us insight into the carbon emissions associated with BlackBerry’s supply chain. It will help us to identify areas for improvement and opportunities to work with suppliers on projects to reduce carbon emissions. It will also help to raise awareness within our supply chain of the impact of carbon emissions on the environment and the benefits that can be gained through reduction programs.Conflict minerals It is widely recognised that control over the valuable raw material resources of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and surrounding countries has contributed to armed conflict and serious cases of human rights abuses in the region. BlackBerry  does not support the use of minerals that are illegally mined, transported or traded, nor metals derived from such minerals, including gold, tantalum (columbite-tantalite), tin (cassiterite) and tungsten (wolframite).In January 2012, BlackBerry   published a  Responsible Minerals Policy  to clearly state our position. * Learn more about BlackBerry work to address conflict minerals Solutions for Hope In fiscal 2012, BlackBerry  joined the Solutions for Hope project which aims to create a process to deliver conflict-free tantalum material from the DRC in accordance with the OECD Due Diligence Guidance. The process is based on a â€Å"closed pipe† principle in which tantalite ore mined from specific sites within the DRC is traced along its secure supply chain to the smelter.The smelter, who is a participant in the CFS Program, converts the ore to capacitor grade powder and wire that is then shipped to AVX Corporation, who in turn manufactures the capacitors and ships them to participating customers, including BlackBerry. Not only does this program help to ensure that tantalum used in our products comes from verifiably conflict-free sources, but it also provides hope to the small artisanal miners and communities who rely on this work to support themselves and their families. Learn about Solutions for Hope Supplier diversity Launched in the U. S. nd Canada in fiscal 2012, the BlackBerry  Supplier Diversity Program works to create mutually beneficial business relationships with diverse suppliers that strengthen communities. The goal is to provide opportunities to diverse suppliers who satisfy purchasing and contractual standards. Diverse businesses include small businesses, businesses owned by veterans, minorities or women, and those in historically underutilized business zones. Sourcing areas of the corporation are encouraged to identify and include diverse suppliers and consultants in the procurement process. * Learn about the BlackBerry Supplier Diversity Program

Causes Of The Indian Removal Act Architecture Essay

The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was unfolded was during a clip of contradictions. While it was a period of spread outing democratic establishments, it besides pointed to obvious restrictions of that democracy. States mostly abolished belongings limitations on vote and as the Western frontier was being expanded, it meant more chances of colony for Whites. However, the Western land of promise spelled catastrophe for the Native peoples who lived with the Whites. No 1 better understood the contradictions of this age of democracy than the Cherokees, who adopted many of the white establishments merely to endure from the dictatorship of the bulk and were forced to the West against their will. In this survey, I will reply the inquiry:What were the causes of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 and what were its effects upon the Cherokee state?Before the act, the American authorities sought to educate and incorporate the Native Americans into their civilization, and the Cherokees were an illustration of the successes of assimilation. I will research why there was such a important displacement in American policies toward the Native Americans from assimilation to removal. I will besides discourse the long term effects of the Indian Removal Act that negatively altered the internal organisation of the folks and created cabals within the Cherokee state. I relied on both primary and secondary beginnings to understand both Americans ‘ and the Cherokees ‘ positions on the act. In my research, I discovered the grudges harbored by the Cherokee state when the American policies were changed and implemented. The Indian Removal Act is, without a inquiry, a Cherokee calamity, but it is besides an American calamity. The Cherokees had believed in the promise of democracy by the United States, and their letdown is a bequest that all Americans portion.Introduction:The Cherokees were merely one of the many Native Americans forcibly removed in the first half of the 19th century, but their experiences have a peculiar significance and poignance. The Cherokees, more than any other native people in their clip, tried to follow the Anglo-American civilization. In a unusually short clip, they transformed their society and modified their traditional civilization to conform to United States policies, to carry through the outlooks of white politi cians, and most significantly, to continue their tribal unity. This â€Å" civilisation † policy required a entire reorganisation of the religious and societal universe of the Cherokees. They established schools, developed written Torahs, and abolished kin retaliation. Cherokee adult females became involved in whirling and weaving while the work forces raised farm animal and deep-rooted harvests. Some Cherokee even built columned plantation houses and bought slaves. John C. Calhoun, secretary of war, writes to Henry Clay, Speaker of the House of Representatives on January 15, 1820, â€Å" ‘The Cherokees exhibit a more favourable visual aspect that any other folk of Indians. They are already established two booming schools among them. ‘ † ( Ehle 154 ) . By following the white civilization, the Cherokees hope to derive white regard. Socialization was besides a defensive mechanism to forestall farther loss of land and extinction of native civilization. Even more inexorable Cherokees steadfastly believed that â€Å" civili sation † was preferred to their traditional manner of life. The advancement of the Cherokees astounded many Whites who traveled through their county in the early 19th century. Adding to these accomplishments, a Cherokee named Sequoyah invented a syllabic script in 1820 that enabled the Cherokees to read and compose in their ain linguistic communication. They besides increased the figure of written Torahs and established a bicameral legislative assembly. By 1827, the Cherokees had besides established a supreme tribunal and a fundamental law really similar to those of the United States. Their educated work forces even attended the American Board ‘s seminary in Cornwall, Connecticut, and could read Latin and Greek every bit good as understand the white adult male ‘s doctrine, history, divinity, and political relations ( Anderson 7 ) . The Cherokees exceeded the ends proposed for the Indians by assorted United States presidents from George Washington and Andrew Jackson. In the words of a Cherokee bookman, the Cherokees were the â€Å" mirror of the American Republic. † On the Eve of Cherokee remotion to the West, many white Americans considered them to be the most â€Å" civilised † of all indigens peoples ( Anderson 24 ) . What so caused the Cherokees to be removed? Why were they forced to abandon places, schools, and churches? From demographic displacements to the rise in political cabals, the resulting struggles that originating from the Indian Removal Act of 1830 still affect the lasting Cherokee state today.Causes of the Indian Removal Act:It is of import to acknowledge that the determination of the Jackson disposal to take the Cherokee Indians to set down west of the Mississippi River in the 1830 ‘s was more a reformulation of the national policy that had been in consequence since the 1790 ‘s than a alteration in that policy. In the early old ages of the Republic, ictus of Indian land was a manner of â€Å" educating † Native Americans. First articulated by George Washington ‘s Secretary of War, Henry Knox, on July 2, 1791 in the Treaty of Holston, the policy of prehending native lands was â€Å" that the Cherokee Nation may be led to a greater grade of civilisation, and to go herders and agriculturists, alternatively of staying in a province of huntsmans. The United States will from clip to clip furnish gratuitous the said state with utile implements of farming. † On the surface, the original end of the â€Å" civilisation † policy seemed philanthropic. Making civilised work forces out of â€Å" barbarians † would profit the Native Americans and the new state every bit good as guarantee the advancement of the human race ( Bernard Sheehan,Seeds of Extinction: Jeffersonian Philanthropy and the American Indian, 119 ) . However, the policy represented efforts to wrest the Cherokee lands. Knox and his replacements reasoned that if American indians gave up hunting, their hunting evidences will go â€Å" excess † land that they would volitionally interchange for financess to back up instruction, agribusiness and other â€Å" civilized † chases ( Perdue 25 ) . For this ground, haling the Indians to yield their hunting evidences would really speed up socialization because they would no longer busy the forest when they had Fieldss to till. Thomas Jefferson, who became president in 1801, shared Knox ‘s beliefs. Jefferson ‘s negociating tactics were far more aggressive than anything Knox envisioned as Jefferson ordered his agents to escalate the force per unit area on folks to sell more and larger piece of lands of land. Soon, he let it be known that dainties, bullying, and graft were acceptable tactics to acquire the occupation done ( Anderson 35 ) . Jefferson, with his aggression, simply uncovered that these civilisation policies were non for the benefit of the Native Americans. Rather, the assimilation policy was a cloaked policy of remotion of the Native Americans by the American authorities. It is hence of import to place that the cause of the Indian Removal Act did non arise in the 1830 ‘s, but instead culminated in the early 19th century. However, more immediate grounds did do Congress to go through the Indian Removal Act of 1830 during Jackson ‘s presidential term. The factors lending to the destiny of the Cherokees were the find of gold on Cherokee land, the issue of provinces ‘ rights, and the outgrowth of scientific racism. American speculators coveted the about five million estates the Cherokee Nation refused to sell. White persons desired land for colony intents as belongings was an obvious step of wealth in the South. The Southerners besides desired more agricultural land as the innovation of the cotton gin made cotton a moneymaking concern. In add-on, invasion into Cherokee lands became more pressing with the find of gold on its land in 1829. Besides, the Americans began to encompass a belief in white high quality and the inactive nature of the â€Å" ruddy adult male † in the period after the 1820 ‘s. Many Americans concluded, â€Å" Once an Indian, ever an Indian † ( Anderson 35 ) . Culture, they believed, was innate, non learned. However â€Å" civilized † an Indian may look, he retained a â€Å" barbarian † nature. When the civilisation plan failed to transform the Indians overnight, many Americans supported that the â€Å" barbarians † should non be permitted to stay in thick of a civilised society. Though earlier in his missive to Clay, Calhoun had praised the advancement of the Cherokees, he concludes the missive authorship, â€Å" Although partial progresss may hold been made under the present system to educate the Indians, I am of an sentiment that, until there is a extremist alteration in the system, any attempts which may be made must fall short of complete success. The y must be brought under our authorization and Torahs, or they will numbly blow away in frailty and wretchedness. ‘ † The condescending tone that Calhoun takes to depict the Cherokees reveals the racist attitude of the early 19th century and sheds light onto one of the grounds why Americans urged Congress to take Indians from their fatherlands. In this racialist ambiance of Georgia, another critical cause of remotion was provinces ‘ rights. Although the Cherokees saw their fundamental law as a crowning accomplishment, Whites, particularly Georgians, viewed it as a challenge to provinces ‘ rights because the Cherokee district was within the boundaries of four provinces. The 1827 Cherokee Constitution claimed sovereignty over tribal lands, set uping a province within a province. Georgians claimed that such a legal manoeuvre violated the United States fundamental law and that the federal authorities was making nil to rectify the state of affairs. Sympathetic the Georgians calls was Andrew Jackson, who became president 1829. As a follower of the Republican philosophy of province sovereignty, he steadfastly supported a national policy of Indian remotion and defended his base by asseverating that remotion was the lone class of action that could salvage the Native Americans from extinction. Jackson ‘s attitude toward Native Americans was sponsoring, depicting them as kids in demand of counsel and believed the remotion policy was good to them. To congressional leaders, he assured them that his policies would enable the federal authorities to put the Indians in a part where they would be free of white invasion and jurisdictional differences between the provinces and federal authorities. He sought congressional blessing of his remotion policy and stated to Captain James Gadsden in October 12, 1829 that the policy would be â€Å" generous to the Indians † and at the same clip would let the United States to â€Å" exert a parental control over their involvements and perchance perpetuate their race. † Though non all Americans were convinced by Jackson ‘s and his confidences that his motivations and methods were philanthropic, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 that allowed: 1 ) the federal authorities the power to relocate any Native Americans in the E to district that was west of the Mississippi River ; 2 ) the president to put up territories within the Indian Territory for the response of folks holding to land exchanges, and 3 ) the payment of insurances to the Indians for aid in carry throughing their relocation, protection in their new colonies, and a continuation of the â€Å" supervision and attention. †Effectss of the Indian Removal Act:The Removal Act of 1830 left many things unspecified, including how the remotion of the eastern Indian states would be arranged. During Jackson ‘s disposal, one of the most of import Cherokee groups that decided to go forth was led by the powerful Ridge household. At the beginning of the battle against remotion, the Ridge household steadfastly supported Chief John Ross, one of the elective leaders of the folk. Ross and his people besides believed that the Cherokees ‘ old ages of peace, accomplishments, and parts gave them the right to stay on land that was lawfully theirs. However, the Ridges shortly decided that the battle to maintain the Cherokee lands in the East was a lost cause. Major Ridge had been one of the first to acknowledge that Indians had no hope against Whites in war. Two cabals so developed within the folk – the bulk, who supported Chief Ross in his battle to maintain their fatherland in the East, and the Treaty Group, who thought the lone solution was to emigrate to the West. Rather than lose all they had to the provinces in the East, the Ridge party, without the consent of Ross, signed the Treaty of New Echota in December 1835. They treaty conveyed to the United States all lands owned, claimed, or possessed by the Cherokee Nation E of the Mississippi River. Major Ridge explained his determination to give up the Cherokee fatherland stating, â€Å" We can non remain here in safety and comfort†¦ We can ne'er bury these places†¦ I would volitionally decease to continue them, but any physical attempt to maintain them will be us our lands, our lives and the lives of our kids ‘ † ( Gilbert 21 ) . By Cherokee jurisprudence, the folk owned all land in common, no person or minority group had a right to dispose of it. Army officer Major William Davis who was hired to inscribe the Cherokees for remotion, wrote the secretary of war that â€Å" nine-tenths † of the Cherokees would reject the Treat of New Echota: â€Å" That paper called a dainty is no pact at all † ( Gilbert 23 ) . However, on May 17, 1836, the Senate ratified the Treaty of New Echota by one ballot, and on May 23, President Jackson signed the pact into jurisprudence. The deadline for remotion of all the Cherokees from the East was set for May 23, 1838. The Treaty of New Echota was non an honest or just understanding between the United States and the Cherokee state. Even Georgia governor William Schley, admitted that it was â€Å" non made with the countenance of their leaders † ( Ehle 244 ) . However, in January 1837, about six hundred affluent members of the Treaty Party emigrated west, a full twelvemonth before the physical exile of the remainder of the Cherokees. Cherokee remotion did non take topographic point as a individual ejection but alternatively spanned many old ages. In the late summer of 1838, a withdrawal of Cherokees began to go out the stockade where they had been held for many months expecting the long journey to their new place West of the Mississippi. Some Cherokees had voluntarily moved west, though most remained in their fatherlands, still non believing they would be forced to go forth. In 1838, the Cherokees were disarmed, and General Winfield Scott was sent to supervise their remotions. John G. Burnett, a soldier who participated in the remotion described the event stating, â€Å" Womans were dragged from their places by soldiers. Children were frequently separated from their parents and driven into the stockades with the sky for a cover and the Earth for a pillow. And frequently the old and inform were prodded with bayonets to rush them to the stockades † ( Ehle 393 ) . Those forced from their fatherland departed with heavy Black Marias. Cherokee George Hicks lamented, â€Å" We are now about to take our concluding leave and sort farewell to our native land, the state that the Great Spirit gave our Fathers†¦ It is with sorrow that we are forced by the white adult male to discontinue the scenes of our childhood † ( Anderson 37 ) . For Cherokees, the Georgian land had significance far deeper than its commercial value. Their civilization and creative activity tied them to this topographic point, and now they were being compelled to give up their places and March West. Above all, Cherokees lost religion in the United States. In one Kentucky town, a local occupant asked an aged Indian adult male if he remembered him from his service the United States Army in the Creek War. The old adult male replied, â€Å" Ah! My life and the lives of my people were so at interest for you and your state. I so thought Jackson my best friend. But ah! Jackson no service me right. Your state no make me justice now! † ( New York Observer, January 26, 1839, quoted in Foreman 305-307. ) Exposure and weariness during the exile weakened immune systems, doing the Cherokees susceptible to diseases such as rubeolas, whooping cough, dysentery, and respiratory infections. The figure of Cherokees who perished on the Trail of Tears, the name given to the 826 stat mi path taken took them west, is difficult to find. The most normally cited figure for deceases is 4,000, about one one-fourth of the Cherokees, and is an estimation made by Dr. Elizur Butler, a missional who accompanied the Cherokees ( Anderson 85 ) . By his ain count, John Ross supervised the remotion of 13,149, and his withdrawal reported 424 deceases and 69 births along with 182 abandonments. A United States functionary in Indian Territory counted 11,504 reachings, a disagreement of 1,645 when compared to the sum of those who departed the East. Sociologist Russell Thorton has speculated that remotion cost the Cherokees 10,000 persons between 1835 and 1840, including the kids that victims would hold produced have they survived ( Anderson 93 ) . Therefore, the overall demographic consequence was far greater than the existent figure of casualties. When the Ross withdrawals arrived in the spring of 1839 to the Indian Territory, melding with the â€Å" Treaty Party † who left before the physical remotion was a daunting undertaking. Removal had shattered the matrix of Cherokee society, rending them from their hereditary beginnings and agitating their infant establishments of authorities. Civil war burst away as the political chasm brought on by the Treaty of New Echota divided the Cherokee Nation. For more than a decennary, the Cherokee fought this bloody civil war, and a deformed version of the old kin retaliation system reemerged. In June 1839, between six and seven thousand Cherokees assembled at Takatoka Camp Ground to decide the looming political crisis. Chief John Ross insisted on the continuance of the eastern Cherokee authorities for several grounds. The Cherokee Nation had a written fundamental law and an luxuriant jurisprudence codification and authorities, and they did represent a significant bulk. However, the United States saw the Treaty Party as true nationalists, Ross as a scoundrel, and the recent emigres as â€Å" barbarians, † queering all attempts to accommodate the divided cabals in the Cherokee state. When the meeting ended with a via media to be voted on a ulterior day of the month, 150 National Party work forces met in secret and decided that the Cherokees who had signed the Treaty of New Echota were treasonists who had violated the Cherokee jurisprudence forbiding the unauthorised sale of land. Early on the forenoon of June 22, one group dragged John Ridge from his bed and stabbed him to decease. Another party shooting Major Ridge as he traveled along a route in Arkansas, killing him immediately. About the same clip, a 3rd group came to Elias Boudinot ‘s house and divide his caput with a hatchet. Reacting to these Acts of the Apostless of force, the Treaty Party remained opposed to any authorities dominated by the National Party. They held their ain councils and sent delegates to Washington to seek federal protection and the apprehension of the individuals responsible for the violent deaths. Most of the Treaty Party continued to defy the act of brotherhood and bitterly op posed any grant to the National Party, widening the turning political chasm. However, every bit long as the National Party refused to sign the Treaty of New Echota, the patriot Cherokees were refused payment of its rentes and financess by the federal authorities. The comparative prosperity of the Treaty Party members ignited the hibernating bitternesss of the destitute Cherokees who had suffered the torment of the Trail of Tears ( McLoughlin 17 ) . In order to confirm the sovereignty of the Cherokee Nation and to relieve the agony of his people, Ross pressed for a renegotiation of the deceitful Treaty of New Echota. While Ross was in Washington in the summer of 1842, force in the Cherokee Nation escalated as members of the Treaty Party began killing persons who they believed had been responsible for the decease of their leaders. Gangs began to assail and kill other Cherokee citizens, most of whom were identified with the National Party, but became impossible to separate between political force and common offense. The Starr pack, for illustration, coalesced ar ound James Starr, a signer of the Treaty of New Echota. Under the pretense of political opposition, Starr ‘s boies and others terrorized the Cherokee state. In 1843, they murdered a white visitant to the Cherokee Nation and besides burned down the place of John Ross ‘ girl. The force gave the federal authorities an alibi to maintain military personnels at Fort Gibson, decry the inefficaciousness of the Nation ‘s authorities and tamper further in Cherokee personal businesss. The Treaty Party renewed their hope of sabotaging Ross ‘ authorization since federal functionaries tended to fault Ross for the slaughter ( Perdue 156 ) . The letters during the clip of this Cherokee civil warfare reflected the fright and anguish felt by the people. In November 1845, Jane Ross Meigs wrote to her male parent, Chief John Ross, â€Å" The state is in such a province merely now that there seems small encouragement for people to construct good houses or do anything. I am so nervous I can scarce compose at all. I hope it will non be long you ‘ll be at place but I hope that the state will be settled by that clip excessively † ( Rozema 198 ) . Less than a twelvemonth subsequently, Sarah Watie of the Treaty Party wrote her hubby, â€Å" I am so tired of populating this manner. I do n't believe I could populate one twelvemonth longer if I knew that we could non acquire settled, it has wore my liquors out merely the ideas of non holding a good place†¦ I am absolutely ill of the universe † ( Perdue 141 ) . An uneasy peace came to the Cherokee Nation after the United States authorities forced the tribal cabals to subscribe a pact of understanding in Washington in 1846. The Cherokees, under Ross ‘ leading was to be sovereign in their new land. It besides brought the per capita payments so urgently needed for economic recovery of the Cherokee Nation. However, with this pact, the Cherokees were caught in a series of contradictions. Cherokee leaders wanted to convert the white population that they were capable of pull offing their ain personal businesss if left to their ain self-determination. But economically, they were tied to the fiscal assistance of the federal authorities, turning of all time more dependent on American financess. Furthermore, in thick of this â€Å" peace, † the Cherokees could non project aside old frights that continued to stalk them. If Whites could drive them from Georgia, why non from this topographic point? From this fright spawned an attitude of mis giving toward the American authorities that is still present in some Cherokee societies today ( Anderson 115 ) .Decision:The causes of the Indian Removal Policy of 1830 are legion and varied in reading. Some historiographers have equated Jackson ‘s remotion policy with Adolph Hitler ‘s Final Solution and hold even called it genocide ( Peter Farb ‘sThe Indians of North America from Primeval Times to the Coming of the Industrial StateNew York: E. P. Dutton, 1968 ) . Not merely did he promote the geographical separation of Indians and Whites, but 1000s of Native Americans perished in the procedure. Whether or non he advocated this mass extinction of Indians, Jackson on the political forepart was a steadfast protagonist of province sovereignty and could non deny Georgia ‘s rights to the Cherokees ‘ expansive lands. In add-on to the impact on the Cherokee demographics, the Treaty of New Echota caused cabals within the Cherokee Nation that broke truenesss and caused them to return back to old kin retaliation warfare. The bitterness that was fostered between the New Party and the Treaty Party created permanent divisions within the Cherokee state. Furthermore, the Cherokee Nation, before the Indian Removal Act, had prided itself on the fact that it had adapted to white establishments with great grades of success. However, prosecuting in kin warfare, the Cherokees took a measure back in advancement when embroiled in such force that was chiefly caused by the Treaty of New Echota. Furthermore, the Cherokees remained dependent on federal authorities ‘s economic aid when they were seeking to turn out that they could work better as a soverign state. The remotion of the Cherokees west of the Mississippi is one of the greatest calamities in United States history. While the Cherokees have shown unbelievable resiliency in retrieving from the decimating effects of their remotion, the unfairness they faced from deceitful pacts, ethnocentric intolerance, and prejudiced Torahs will forever discoloration America ‘s history.

Erik Eriksons Theory

Erik Eriksons Theory Free Online Research Papers Much of who we are or who we develop into can be summed up in only eight different stages. During these eight different stages we develop what is considered one of the two important traits of that time period. Of these sixteen possible traits that one can develop usually one is desired while the other is often times not. During each of Erik Erikson’s stages the traits are presented in opposites such as stage one is trust vs. mistrust, stage two is autonomy vs. shame, stage three is initiative vs. guilt, stage four is industry vs. inferiority, stage five is identity vs. role confusion, stage six is intimacy and solidarity vs. isolation, stage seven is generativity vs. self absorption or stagnation and stage eight is integrity vs. despair. These stages are Erikson’s view of what each person encounters during a full life. 1. Infancy: Birth to 18 Months Ego Development Outcome: Trust vs. Mistrust Basic strength: Drive and Hope Erikson also referred to infancy as the Oral Sensory Stage where the major emphasis is on the mothers positive and loving care for the child, with a big emphasis on visual contact and touch (Harder). If we pass successfully through this stage of life, we will learn that life is okay and will build confidence later on. If we do not pass through this stage successfully then we are often skeptical of the world we live in. If we don’t trust the world we live in then sometimes it could result in detachment from people and could lead to depression and anxiety. 2. Early Childhood: 18 Months to 3 Years Ego Development Outcome: Autonomy vs. Shame Basic Strengths: Self-control, Courage, and Will During this stage we learn to fine tune certain skills by ourselves. Not only do we learn to walk, talk and feed ourselves, we are learning finer motor development as well as the much appreciated toilet training (Harder). This is also the time when we can experiment with different ideas and learn to build our self-esteem. We can also take on new challenges and build new skills such as learning the difference between right and wrong. And one of our skills during the Terrible Twos is our ability to use the powerful word NO! It may be pain for parents, but it develops important skills of the will (Harder). However, during this stage we can be vulnerable. If during the process of learning important skills we begin to feel shame than we could suffer lower self-esteem later on.. 3. Play Age: 3 to 5 Years Ego Development Outcome: Initiative vs. Guilt Basic Strength: Purpose During this period we experience a desire to copy the adults around us and take initiative in creating play situations (Harder). We make up stories with our stuff animals, we love to talk on our toy phones or race our Hot wheel cars, playing out roles in a trial universe, experimenting with the idea of what we believe it means to be an adult. We also begin to say â€Å"Why†. While Erikson was influenced by Freud, he downplays biological sexuality in favor of the psychosocial features of conflict between child and parents (Harder). Nevertheless, he said that at this stage we usually become involved in the classic Oedipal struggle and resolve this struggle through social role identification(Harder). During this age kids are classified as beginning stage one of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. During this stage the child assumes that powerful authorities hand down a fixed set of rules which he or she must unquestioningly obey (Crain). Kohlberg calls stage 1 thinking preconventional because children do not yet speak as members of society. Instead, they see morality as something external to themselves, as that which the big people say they must do (Crain). 4. School Age: 6 to 12 Years Ego Development Outcome: Industry vs. Inferiority Basic Strengths: Method and Competence During what is often called the Latency stage we are capable of learning, creating and accomplishing numerous new skills and knowledge, thus developing a sense of industry. This is also a very social stage of development and if we experience unresolved feelings of inadequacy and inferiority among our peers, we can have serious problems in terms of competence and self-esteem (Harder). As our world begins to become just a little bit bigger we realize that our parents are no longer the complete authority, but also that our most significant relationships are with other kids either from school or the neighborhood. During this time children begin to enter Kohlberg’s second stage. At this stage children recognize that there is not just one right view that is handed down by the authorities (Crain). I remember when I was in school I was always afraid to get into trouble, but I also understood that you could only get into trouble if you got caught. 5. Adolescence: 12 to 18 Years Ego Development Outcome: Identity vs. Role Confusion Basic Strengths: Devotion and Fidelity According to Erikson our development was a result of what was done for us. From here on out, development depends primarily upon what we do. And while adolescence is a stage at which we are neither a child nor an adult, life is definitely getting more complex as we attempt to find our own identity, struggle with social interactions, and grapple with moral issues (Harder). Our main goal in this stage is to find out who we are in the world a side from our family. Unfortunately for those around us, in this process many of us go into a period of withdrawing from responsibilities, which Erikson called a moratorium. And if we are unsuccessful in navigating this stage, we will experience role confusion and upheaval (Harder). A significant task for us is to establish a philosophy of life and in this process we tend to think in terms of ideals, which are conflict free, rather than reality, which is not (Harder). The problem is that often times we use ideals in place of experience because of our lack of. However, we can also develop strong devotion to friends and causes. As for moral development, at this stage children, who are by now usually entering their teens, see morality as more than simple deals. They believe that people behave in a â€Å"goodâ€Å" way. Good behavior means having good motives and interpersonal feelings such as love, empathy, trust, and concern for others (Crain). 6. Young adulthood: 18 to 35 Ego Development Outcome: Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Isolation Basic Strengths: Affiliation and Love It is in this stage where we go out and try to find love. As we try to find mutually satisfying relationships, primarily through marriage and friends, we generally also begin to start a family, though this age has been pushed back for many couples who today dont start their families until their late thirties (Harder). If we are successful at this stage then we will experience love and intimacy at a deeper, more meaningful level. If were not successful then we may be more likely to become distant and isolate ourselves. When we can’t find satisfying relationships we find it hard to live a more satisfying life. According to Kohlber’s theory At stage 4 the respondent becomes more broadly concerned with society as a whole. Now the emphasis is on obeying laws, respecting authority, and performing ones duties so that the social order is maintained (Crain). This is where I think I am in as far as my life. I am married and have a lot of solid relationships with friends. Also as far as moral development my main focus is just working and obeying the laws and just doing what every citizen does to maintain an everyday life. 7. Middle Adulthood: 35 to 55 or 65 Ego Development Outcome: Generativity vs. Self absorption or Stagnation Basic Strengths: Production and Care During this stage work seems to become a high priority. Erikson observed that middle-age is the time when most people like filling their days with more meaningful and creative work and family issues. Also, middle adulthood is when we can expect to be in charge, the role weve longer envied. The main goal of this stage is to take the values of your own family such as raising children and passing them onto the next generation to help guide them. Strength comes through care of others and production of something that contributes to the betterment of society, which Erikson calls generativity, so when were in this stage we often fear inactivity and meaninglessness (Harder). As our lives move on and the children move away, our relationships change or our goals change often times we are faced with major life changes, or a mid-life crisis, and often struggle finding new purposes. If a person struggles getting through this stage then often times they can become self-absorbed and stagnate. According to Kohlberg’s theory at stage 5, people begin to ask, What makes for a good society? They begin to think about society in a very theoretical way, stepping back from their own society and considering the rights and values that a society ought to uphold (Crain). It is during this time when people understand that people would all want certain basic rights, such as liberty and life, to be protected Second, they would want some democratic procedures for changing unfair law and for improving society. 8. Late Adulthood: 55 or 65 to Death Ego Development Outcome: Integrity vs. Despair Basic Strengths: Wisdom It is in this stage that Erickson observed that people recover from the rest of middle adulthood. Perhaps that is because as older adults we can often look back on our lives with happiness and are content, feeling fulfilled with a deep sense that life has meaning and weve made a contribution to life, a feeling Erikson calls integrity (Harder). Our strength comes from a wisdom that the world is very large and we now have a detached concern for the whole of life, accepting death as the completion of life. On the other hand, some adults may reach this stage and despair at their experiences and perceived failures (Vander). They may fear death as they struggle to find a purpose to their lives, wondering Was the trip worth it? Alternatively, they may feel they have all the answers and end with a strong dogmatism that only their view has been correct. Again with Kohlber’s theory in stage 6 a commitment to justice makes the rationale for civil disobedience stronger and broader (Crain). Martin Luther King, for example, argued that laws are only valid insofar as they are grounded in justice, and that a commitment to justice carries with it an obligation to disobey unjust laws. Only being twenty-three it was easy to be able to relate to the different stages of Erikson and Kohlber’s theories. Although it is hard to hear about what is going to come next. Both of theories have shaped my life thus far. I think that these theories are interchangeable in regard that they work the same with either gender. As far as different cultures then either theory may need some tweaking. An example is the Chinese have different moral standards then Americans and thus different moral development. Both Erikson and Kohlberg’s theories have affected my own personal development. References: Harder, Arlene F.. The Developmental Stages of Erik Erikson. Learning Place Online.Com. 2002. 18 Feb. 2008 . Vander Zanden, James W., Crandall Thomas l., Crandall, Corinne Haines. (2007) Human development (8th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. W.C. Crain. (1985). Theories of Development. Prentice-Hall. pp. 118-136. Research Papers on Erik Erikson's TheoryThe Hockey GameBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyGenetic EngineeringOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Project Managment Office System

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The journey to the center of the earth essays The Journey to the Center of the Earth In the novel, A Journey to the Center of the Earth, author Jules Verne tells the fictitious story of three men and their adventures as they descend into the depths of the earth. The main character in this expedition is a fifty-year-old German by the name of professor Lidenbrock. His nephew, Axel, is the narrator of the story and comes along on the journey. The third man is Hans, a serene Icelandic guide. Professor Lidenbrock finds a piece of parchment that was written in Runic in a book and Axel finds out before his uncle that it says there is a way to get into the center of the earth through a mountain in Iceland. Axel is reluctant and very nervous to tell his uncle the message because he is afraid his uncle will actually want to visit the center of the earth. He was right because the professor wanted to explore as soon as possible. They head off to Iceland, and, along the way, receive Hans as their guide. The journey to the mountain itself takes a while. They re ach the entrance to the center, and from there, they head inside. Once in the dark maze, they descend for days on end. The three men then face some terrible difficulties like thirst, no light, getting lost, injuries, and. While on this journey they make many discoveries. They find that theres a sea, with fish and sea monsters. They find forests with giant mushrooms and animals that look like dinosaurs, also even what seems to be giant human beings. The characters in this story must have also been extremely strong and determined, since theyre able to live for so long underground in darkness. The beginning of the story is quite slow; they take a long time to start descending into the earth. Once you get into the story, its quite easy to find yourself in the midst of the channels of granite. A Journey to the Center of the Earth is a wonderful book. The very idea of a person being able to travel in...

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